The combination of nanotechnology and chemotherapy has resulted in more effective drug design via the development of nanomaterial-based drug delivery systems (DDSs) for tumor targeting. Stimulus-responsive DDSs in response to internal or external signals can offer precisely controlled delivery of preloaded therapeutics. Among the various DDSs, the photo-triggered system improves the efficacy and safety of treatment through spatiotemporal manipulation of light. Additionally, pH-induced delivery is one of the most widely studied strategies for targeting the acidic micro-environment of solid tumors. Accordingly, in this review, we discuss representative strategies for designing DDSs using light as an exogenous signal or pH as an endogenous trigger.

Permethrin Cream 5%, a topical scabicidal agent, is usually used for the treatment of infestation with Sarcoptes scabiei (scabies). Nowadays, neem oil,  a vegetable oil pressed from the fruits and seeds of the neem (Azadirachta indica A.Juss), is reported having an antiscabies effect. The aim of the study was to formulate and evaluate the physical properties of cream containing neem oil 5%. Methods of the study were characterization of physicochemical properties of neem oil, preparation and physical stability study at room temperature (25 oC) and 40 oC for three months storage of the neem oil 5% cream. Physical evaluation involved organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, tipe of cream and  viscosity. The study results showed that all of the physicochemical properties of neem oil met the requirement. The cream were white to yellowish white, characteristic neem oil odor, homogenous cream, pH ± 8, viscosity approximately 2000-8000 cps and o/w cream. Three months storage of the cream showed that the formula resulted a stable cream physically.Keywords: neem oil, permethrin, scabies, Azadirachta indica A.Juss

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Bagi seorang muslim, status halal suatu produk obat dan eksipien yang digunakan adalah hal mutlak harus dipenuhi. Produk obat halal tersebut harus bebas dari kandungan babi dan alkohol baik dari bahan dasarnya maupun proses pembuatannya. Pentingnya metode untuk mendeteksi kandungan babi dan alkohol untuk memastikan suatu produk obat bebas dari kandungan babi dan alkohol menjadi latar belakang review artikel ini. Metode review artikel ini adalah mengumpulkan literatur yang berkaitan dengan metode deteksi kandungan babi dan alkohol/etanol dan membuat ringkasan dari literatur-literatur tersebut. Hasil review menunjukkan bahwa metode deteksi yang dapat digunakan yaitu metode analisis PDK (Pork Detection Kit) untuk mendeteksi protein babi, metode PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) untuk mendeteksi DNA babi dan metode GC (Gas Chromatography) atau HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) untuk mendeteksi residu alkohol/etanol.Kata Kunci: Halal, Babi, Alkohol, Eksipien Farmasi, Produk Obat

Objective: Cocrystallisation is a promising method in order to increase the solubility and dissolution of poorly water-soluble drugs. The aim of this study was to prepare, formulate and evaluate glibenclamide (GCM) cocrystal in direct compress tablet dosage form using saccharin (SAC) as the coformer. Methods: GCM cocrystal with various stoichiometric ratios were prepared by the solvent drop grinding method. The co-crystal was characterized by a saturated solubility test and dissolution rate test, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and Powder X-Ray Diffraction (PXRD). The tablet dosage form of GCM was formulated and evaluated compare with the conventional dosage form. Results: The solubility and disso­lution rate of GCM-SAC cocrystals increased significantly compared with pure GCM, especially for 1:2 of ratio. The dissolution rate of cocrystal with ratio 1:2 increased by almost 91.9% compared with pure GCM. Based on the FTIR analysis, it showed the shifting of characteristic bands of GCM in the spectrum and there was no chemical reaction in GCM cocrystal. In PXRD measurement, the new crystalline peak was detected in the crystal habit of cocrystal compared with pure GCM and coformer. The new single melting of GCM-SAC cocrystal also was detected in DSC measurement. The tablets of GCM-SAC cocrystal were successfully prepared by direct compression method which rapidly disintegrated (1 min) and has higher dissolution compared with its pure form (32.36% greater than glibenclamide after 45 min). Conclusion: The tablet dosage form of GCM cocrystal with SAC as coformer was successfully prepared, formulated and improved its solubility and dissolution rate.

The use of photo-based nanomedicine in imaging and therapy has grown rapidly. The property of light in converting its energy into different forms has been exploited in the fields of optical imaging (OI) and phototherapy (PT) for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. The development of nanotechnology offers numerous advantages to overcome the challenges of OI and PT. Accordingly, in this review, we shed light on common photosensitive agents (PSAs) used in OI and PT; these include fluorescent and bioluminescent PSAs for OI or PT agents for photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT). We also describe photo-based nanotechnology systems that can be used in photo-based diagnostics and therapies by using various polymeric systems.

Purpose An AE147 peptide-conjugated nanocarrier based on PEGylated liposomes was developed in order to target the metastatic tumors overexpressing urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR), which cancer progression via uPA signaling. Therefore, the AE147 peptide-conjugated nanocarrier system may hold the potential for active targeting of metastatic tumors. Methods The AE147 peptide, an antagonist of uPAR, was conjugated to the PEGylated liposomes for targeting metastatic tumors overexpressing uPAR. Docetaxel (DTX), an anticancer drug, was incorporated into the nanocarriers. The structure of the AE147-conjugated nanocarrier, its physicochemical properties, and in vivo biodistribution were evaluated. Results The DTX-loaded nanocarrier showed a spherical structure, a high drug-loading capacity, and a high colloidal stability. Drug carrying AE147 conjugates were actively taken up by the uPAR-overexpressing MDA-MB-231 cancer cells. In vivo animal imaging confirmed that the AE147-conjugated nanoparticles effectively accumulated at the sites of tumor metastasis. Conclusion The AE147-nanocarrier showed potential for targeting metastatic tumor cells overexpressing uPAR and as a nanomedicine platform for theragnosis applications. These results suggest that this novel nano-platform will facilitate further advancements in cancer therapy.

Salah satu tanaman berkhasiat antiinflamasi adalah tanaman kelor (Moringa oleifera Lamk) sehingga berpotensi dibuat sediaan krim. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu untuk mendapatkan formula terbaik krim mengandung ekstrak etanol daun kelor (Moringa oleifera Lamk). Penelitian dilakukan dengan membuat sediaan krim dengan tiga formula berbeda (F1, F2 dan F3) yang mengandung ekstrak daun kelor 10% b/b. Evaluasi sediaan krim dilakukan selama 4 minggu penyimpanan meliputi uji organoleptik (warna, aroma dan bentuk), homogenitas, pH, viskositas, daya tercuci, tipe krim, dan uji iritasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa seluruh formula (F1, F2 dan F3) memenuhi syarat krim yang baik dan tidak mengiritasi. Formula krim yang paling baik berdasarkan uji penyimpanan selama 4 minggu adalah F3 dengan komposisi formula berupa ekstrak daun kelor 10%, asam stearat 10%, paraffin cair 2%, setil alkohol 2%, span 80 1,5%, tween 80 3,5%, gliserin 7,5%, titan dioksida 0,7%, oleum rosae 15 tetes, nipagin 0,18%, nipasol 0,02%, aquadest add 50% b/b.