Introduction: Breast cancer remains a global health problem with an increasing incidence. Breast carcinogenesis emerges by a multistep process via steps of hyperplasia, premalignant change, and in situ carcinoma. Women with proliferative breast disease have been observed to have an increased risk of breast cancer. Improved knowledge of breast carcinogenesis will provide insight for defining the high-risk groups, thus resulting in improved screening and management regimens. Materials and methods: The present study included 60 radical mastectomies for carcinoma of breast at RajaRajeswari Medical College and Hospital, Bengaluru, from August 2015 to July 2018. The primary tumor and peritumoral area were studied both grossly and microscopically for the different lesions and the results were analyzed. Observation and results: Of the 60 cases of breast carcinomas, the predominant type of carcinoma was infiltrating ductal carcinoma, no specific type (88%) (IDC, NOS). The lesions in peritumoral area were fibrocystic changes (62%), proliferative breast lesions (13%), and ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) (25%). Conclusion: Most of the peritumoral area showed fibrocystic changes which have a less absolute risk of 3%, whereas DCIS has an absolute lifetime risk of 25-30% transforming into carcinoma of breast, making those patients mandatory for follow-up and management.

BACKGROUNDHyperpigmentation of skin is one of the commonest cosmetic skin complaint encountered in Dermatology Outpatient Clinic. Evidence for a correct diagnosis may be lacking without histopathologic examination of skin biopsies.

Introduction:The spleen belongs to the reticuloendothelial system and is involved in hematopoietic disorders as much as in infectious/ inflammatory and metabolic disorders. Aims and objectives:To study the spectrum of splenic pathology in morbid and autopsy specimens; to correlate the clinicopathological findings in the former and the possible cause of death in the latter. Materials and methods: All resected and autopsy specimens of spleen received over a period of 7 years were included in the study. Tissues were routinely processed and stained; immunohistochemistry (IHC) and special stains were performed where indicated. The clinical findings were correlated with gross features and microscopic findings, and the results were analyzed. Results: Out of 133 specimens of spleen studied, 114 were from autopsy and 19 were surgically resected. Most specimens were from males and in the 3rd decade. Pathology of spleen ranged from the benign cysts and infections to hematopoietic neoplasms like chronic myeloid leukemia and follicular lymphoma, accounting for 4% neoplastic and 96% non-neoplastic etiologies. Chronic venous congestion was the most common pathology in both autopsy and morbid spleens. Conclusion:The spleen is uncommon among histopathology samples. Most spleens received for histopathologic evaluation are from autopsy, while resected specimens are few and far in-between. Pathological diagnosis helps in better postoperative management, while autopsy studies enhance our knowledge of splenic pathology. Some of the rare lesions reported in this study were follicular lymphoma in a resected spleen and Littoral cell angioma in autopsy.

Background- The thyroid gland lesions are the most common endocrine disorders encountered globally. Thyroid lesions may be developmental, inammatory, hyperplastic and neoplastic. - To nd out spectrum of various thyroid les Objectives Material & Methods- ions. A cross sectional study was conducted at ESIC Medical College, Kalaburagi from Jan 2019 to Jan 2022. Institutional Ethical Committee clearance was obtained. Patients who underwent Thyroidectomy procedures for various thyroid lesions were enrolled. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 16 and the data was analyzed and tabulated according to age and gender distribution. Results- Out of 148 specimens, 122 (82.43%) cases of nonneoplastic lesions and 26 (17.57%) cases of neoplastic lesions were present. There were 25 males and 123 females with a male to female ratio of 1:4.9. The age ranged from 16 to 73 years with most common age group of 21-40 years. In non-neoplastic lesions, the predominant lesion was the colloid goiter with 101 (82.78%) cases followed by lymphocytic thyroiditis with 10 (08.19%) cases and Graves disease with 07 (5.74%). In neoplastic lesions, papillary carcinoma was the commonest lesion with 14 (53.85%) cases followed by follicular carcinoma with 05 (19.23%) cases and follicular adenoma with 04 (15.38%) cases. There were also 02 (7.69%) cases of anaplastic carcinoma in neoplastic lesions. ConclusionColloid goiter and Papillary carcinoma were the most common benign and malignant thyroid lesions with a female predominance. Other uncommon lesions like anaplastic carcinoma were also noted.