Over the last years, research has focused on microbiota to establish a missing link between neuronal health and intestine imbalance. Many studies have considered microbiota as critical regulators of the gut–brain axis. The crosstalk between microbiota and the central nervous system is mainly explained through three different pathways: the neural, endocrine, and immune pathways, intricately interconnected with each other. In day-to-day life, human beings are exposed to a wide variety of contaminants that affect our intestinal microbiota and alter the bidirectional communication between the gut and brain, causing neuronal disorders. The interplay between xenobiotics, microbiota and neurotoxicity is still not fully explored, especially for susceptible populations such as pregnant women, neonates, and developing children. Precisely, early exposure to contaminants can trigger neurodevelopmental toxicity and long-term diseases. There is growing but limited research on the specific mechanisms of the microbiota–gut–brain axis (MGBA), making it challenging to understand the effect of environmental pollutants. In this review, we discuss the biological interplay between microbiota–gut–brain and analyse the role of endocrine-disrupting chemicals: Bisphenol A (BPA), Chlorpyrifos (CPF), Diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), and Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in MGBA perturbations and subsequent neurotoxicity. The complexity of the MGBA and the changing nature of the gut microbiota pose significant challenges for future research. However, emerging in-silico models able to analyse and interpret meta-omics data are a promising option for understanding the processes in this axis and can help prevent neurotoxicity.
Many chemicals in day-to-day and industrial usage have ability to cross the blood brain barrier and develop neurotoxicity in human beings. There are numerous in vitro, in vivo, epidemiological and in silico studies developed to test the neurotoxicity of such chemicals. This systematic review summarized the endpoints and biochemical markers generated from in vitro models, organism-based models, human studies and in silico tools and how they are being used to translate the data for risk assessment of neurotoxic chemicals. With the advancement in experimental studies such as high throughput screening (e.g. proteomics, genomics), there is a huge potential of data generation related to genes and proteins facilitating deep understanding of molecular mechanisms of neurotoxicity. However, this demand a translational platform that can integrate the biological data from different studies mechanistically and thereby translated across intra and interspecies for neurotoxicity assessment. Further, this review proposed an integrative translational framework to assess the chemicals for neurotoxicity.
Background: It is a known fact that silent liver diseases are common amongst apparently healthy individuals and are sometimes diagnosed only at autopsy. We aim to determine the prevalence of silent liver diseases in autopsy examination and to correlate it with age and sex. Methods: The study was conducted in the department of Pathology, Government Medical College, Patiala. Liver specimens were collected from 70 cases as a part of examination of multiple viscera, over a period of 1.5 years. Sections from representative area were submitted for processing, sectioned and stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin stain. Results: Out of 70 specimens, 24 (34%) showed fatty change, followed by Chronic venous congestion 19 (27%) cases, normal 9 (12%) cases, cirrhosis 8 (11%) cases, hepatitis 6 (9%) cases, autolysed 2 (3%) cases, granulomatous lesion 1 (2%) case and 1 (2%) with fulminant hepatitis. Maximum cases were in age group 41-50 years. Liver diseases predominated in males with male: female ratio of 5:1. Conclusion: Silent diseases of the liver are not uncommon. Autopsy examination of liver is very helpful to identify silent liver diseases like fatty change, cirrhosis, venous congestion and malignant tumours.
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