Introduction: Breast cancer remains a global health problem with an increasing incidence. Breast carcinogenesis emerges by a multistep process via steps of hyperplasia, premalignant change, and in situ carcinoma. Women with proliferative breast disease have been observed to have an increased risk of breast cancer. Improved knowledge of breast carcinogenesis will provide insight for defining the high-risk groups, thus resulting in improved screening and management regimens. Materials and methods: The present study included 60 radical mastectomies for carcinoma of breast at RajaRajeswari Medical College and Hospital, Bengaluru, from August 2015 to July 2018. The primary tumor and peritumoral area were studied both grossly and microscopically for the different lesions and the results were analyzed. Observation and results: Of the 60 cases of breast carcinomas, the predominant type of carcinoma was infiltrating ductal carcinoma, no specific type (88%) (IDC, NOS). The lesions in peritumoral area were fibrocystic changes (62%), proliferative breast lesions (13%), and ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) (25%). Conclusion: Most of the peritumoral area showed fibrocystic changes which have a less absolute risk of 3%, whereas DCIS has an absolute lifetime risk of 25-30% transforming into carcinoma of breast, making those patients mandatory for follow-up and management.

BACKGROUNDHyperpigmentation of skin is one of the commonest cosmetic skin complaint encountered in Dermatology Outpatient Clinic. Evidence for a correct diagnosis may be lacking without histopathologic examination of skin biopsies.

Oral lesions contribute a major part in head neck diseasesIn India, head and neck cancers (HNCA) account for 30-40% cancers at all sites, out of which 9.4% being oral cancers. Oral cavity and oropharynx lesions have a major impact on physical, social and economic condition of the patient. To study the etiological and clinical profile of patients with lesions of oral cavity and oropharynx.Prospective study. Total 100 samples of oral cavity and oropharynx lesions were studied. Data collected with pre tested questionnaire. Data included sociodemographic data, history, risk factors associated with disease, clinical examination and pathological report of the patient. Appropriate statistical tests.Present study includes 100 cases of oral cavity and oropharyngeal lesions out of which 19% were inflammatory lesions, 10% tumour like lesions, 4% benign lesions, 4% premalignant lesions and 63% malignant lesions. Male to female ratio of 1.7:1. Among malignant lesions in our study, 60.3% had history of tobacco consumption, 17.5% consumed both alcohol and tobacco, 9.5% were alcoholics and 12.7% patients did not have any habits.

Introduction:The spleen belongs to the reticuloendothelial system and is involved in hematopoietic disorders as much as in infectious/ inflammatory and metabolic disorders. Aims and objectives:To study the spectrum of splenic pathology in morbid and autopsy specimens; to correlate the clinicopathological findings in the former and the possible cause of death in the latter. Materials and methods: All resected and autopsy specimens of spleen received over a period of 7 years were included in the study. Tissues were routinely processed and stained; immunohistochemistry (IHC) and special stains were performed where indicated. The clinical findings were correlated with gross features and microscopic findings, and the results were analyzed. Results: Out of 133 specimens of spleen studied, 114 were from autopsy and 19 were surgically resected. Most specimens were from males and in the 3rd decade. Pathology of spleen ranged from the benign cysts and infections to hematopoietic neoplasms like chronic myeloid leukemia and follicular lymphoma, accounting for 4% neoplastic and 96% non-neoplastic etiologies. Chronic venous congestion was the most common pathology in both autopsy and morbid spleens. Conclusion:The spleen is uncommon among histopathology samples. Most spleens received for histopathologic evaluation are from autopsy, while resected specimens are few and far in-between. Pathological diagnosis helps in better postoperative management, while autopsy studies enhance our knowledge of splenic pathology. Some of the rare lesions reported in this study were follicular lymphoma in a resected spleen and Littoral cell angioma in autopsy.

Background: Oropharyngeal cancers are most commonly observed cancers in Indian population. Oropharyngeal cancers have a poor prognosis. A histopathological study of lesions will give the exact cause and helps in initiation of optimal therapy at the earliest. Settings and design: Prospective study Aims: To study the histopathological changes in tumour and tumour like lesions of oral cavity and oropharynx Material and Methods: A prospective study was carried out in patients of oral cavity and oropharynx lesions. Total 100 biopsies and resected specimens were studied. Data included sociodemographic data, clinical features and histopathological diagnosis of the specimen. Statistical analysis used: Appropriate statistical tests Results and Conclusion: In our study we observed 10% tumor like lesions, 4% benign lesions, 4% premalignant lesions and 63% malignant lesions. Mucocele was the commonest tumor like lesion. Squamous cell carcinoma was the most common malignant lesion in our study seen in 95.2% cases. Out of 60 Squamous cell carcinoma cases, 11.6% had lymph node metastases and 3.3% showed lymphovascular invasion. In TNM staging of 14 cases who underwent resection with modified radical neck dissection, maximum number of cases belonged to Stage II (35.71%) and Stage IV (35.71%).