Introduction: Breast cancer remains a global health problem with an increasing incidence. Breast carcinogenesis emerges by a multistep process via steps of hyperplasia, premalignant change, and in situ carcinoma. Women with proliferative breast disease have been observed to have an increased risk of breast cancer. Improved knowledge of breast carcinogenesis will provide insight for defining the high-risk groups, thus resulting in improved screening and management regimens. Materials and methods: The present study included 60 radical mastectomies for carcinoma of breast at RajaRajeswari Medical College and Hospital, Bengaluru, from August 2015 to July 2018. The primary tumor and peritumoral area were studied both grossly and microscopically for the different lesions and the results were analyzed. Observation and results: Of the 60 cases of breast carcinomas, the predominant type of carcinoma was infiltrating ductal carcinoma, no specific type (88%) (IDC, NOS). The lesions in peritumoral area were fibrocystic changes (62%), proliferative breast lesions (13%), and ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) (25%). Conclusion: Most of the peritumoral area showed fibrocystic changes which have a less absolute risk of 3%, whereas DCIS has an absolute lifetime risk of 25-30% transforming into carcinoma of breast, making those patients mandatory for follow-up and management.
Introduction:The spleen belongs to the reticuloendothelial system and is involved in hematopoietic disorders as much as in infectious/ inflammatory and metabolic disorders. Aims and objectives:To study the spectrum of splenic pathology in morbid and autopsy specimens; to correlate the clinicopathological findings in the former and the possible cause of death in the latter. Materials and methods: All resected and autopsy specimens of spleen received over a period of 7 years were included in the study. Tissues were routinely processed and stained; immunohistochemistry (IHC) and special stains were performed where indicated. The clinical findings were correlated with gross features and microscopic findings, and the results were analyzed. Results: Out of 133 specimens of spleen studied, 114 were from autopsy and 19 were surgically resected. Most specimens were from males and in the 3rd decade. Pathology of spleen ranged from the benign cysts and infections to hematopoietic neoplasms like chronic myeloid leukemia and follicular lymphoma, accounting for 4% neoplastic and 96% non-neoplastic etiologies. Chronic venous congestion was the most common pathology in both autopsy and morbid spleens. Conclusion:The spleen is uncommon among histopathology samples. Most spleens received for histopathologic evaluation are from autopsy, while resected specimens are few and far in-between. Pathological diagnosis helps in better postoperative management, while autopsy studies enhance our knowledge of splenic pathology. Some of the rare lesions reported in this study were follicular lymphoma in a resected spleen and Littoral cell angioma in autopsy.
Viruses are well known drivers of several human malignancies. A causative factor for oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in patients with limited exposure to traditional risk factors, including tobacco use, is yet to be identified. Our study aimed to comprehensively evaluate the role of viral drivers in OSCC patients with low cumulative exposure to traditional risk factors. Patients under 50 years of age with OSCC, defined using strict anatomic criteria were selected for WGS. The WGS data was interrogated using viral detection tools (Kraken 2 and BLASTN), together examining >700,000 viruses. The findings were further verified using tissue microarrays of OSCC samples using both immunohistochemistry and RNA in situ hybridisation (ISH). 28 patients underwent WGS and comprehensive viral profiling. One 49-year-old male patient with OSCC of the hard palate demonstrated HPV35 integration. 657 cases of OSCC were then evaluated for the presence of HPV integration through immunohistochemistry for p16 and HPV RNA ISH. HPV integration was seen in 8 (1.2%) patients, all middle-aged men with predominant floor of mouth involvement. In summary, a wide-ranging interrogation of >700,000 viruses using OSCC WGS data showed HPV integration in a minority of male OSCC patients and did not carry any prognostic significance.
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