This paper investigates the impact of instrumented aggregate social capital on welfare (proxy with per capita household expenditure) among rural households in Indonesia. The research has found three instrumental variable, including participation of household in religious activity, participation of household in sport activity, and the number of social organizations in rural areas to solve the endogeneity problem. Using a model two stage least squares (2SLS), the study focus on the issue whether ownership of the aggregate social capital help household to increase per capita expenditure. The result indicates that aggregate social capital affects the welfare status positively and significantly. Further, the results show that the estimate of the instrumented aggregate social capital from the 2SLS model is higher than OLS model. To enhance social capital and increase welfare, we suggest government agencies should facilitate the participation of households in community activities and increase the number and activities of social organizations in rural areas.
Although the causal effect of social capital on poverty in developing countries has been increasingly documented, the empirical evidence regarding the two-way causality between social capital and poverty is still limited. This study empirically explores the relationship between social capital and poverty in rural areas of Indonesia. Using two nationally representative data sets, this analysis showed social capital defined by participation in social activities positively affects household expenditure (proxy poverty). Besides household expenditure, the findings on the determinants of social capital are (a) well educated (measured by years of formal schooling), (b) the number of social organizations in the village, (c) permanent market infrastructure, and (d) home ownership. These factors constitute a possible means to facilitate poor household access to social capital, which will increase income and reduce poverty especially in rural areas.
ABSTRAK. Penelitian ini meneliti dampak partisipasi dalam kelompok kemasyarakatan (kegiatan keagamaan, olah raga, dan arisan) terhadap pendapatan (dengan proksi pengeluaran perkapita) rumah tangga di perdesaan Indonesia. Hasil penelitian menemukan ada hubungan kausal dua arah antara pengeluaran perkapita dan akses pada kegiatan kemasyarakatan. Hal ini menunjukkan adanya masalah endogenitas, sehingga artikel ini menggunakan pendekatan probit kuadrat terkecildua tahap (2SPLS) yang dapat mengontrol endogenitas. Dengan menggunakan data hasil survei Badan Pusat Statistik, hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa partisipasi dalam organisasi kemasyarakatan secara positif memengaruhi pengeluaran perkapita, sehingga dapat meningkatkan pendapatan dan mengurangi kemiskinan. Hasil penelitian lebih lanjut menunjukkan bahwa pengeluaran perkapita dan lama sekolah kepala rumah tangga secara positif terkait dengan akses terhadap organisasi kemasyarakatan. Dari temuan ini, strategi pemerintah untuk untuk meningkatkan pendapatan rumah tangga di perdesaan dapat bersifat kelompok dengan mendorong jumlah dan kegiatan organisasi kemasyarakatan dan akan mengurangi kemiskinan lebih cepat di perdesaan.
ABSTRAK Jagung merupakan komoditas pangan dominan di Pulau Kisar dan menjadi sumber pangan utama masyarakat. Pengusahaannya bersifat subsistem dan tradisional untuk memenuhi kebutuhan pangan rumah tangga petani dan tidak dikomersialkan, meskipun ada yang menjualnya dalam jumlah sangat terbatas jika ada kelebihan. Sistem pertanian lahan kering menetap dengan pola tanam polikultur pada satu lahan dengan kombinasi tanaman setahun dan tahunan. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk melihat tingkat keuntungan dan kelayakan serta keberlanjutan usahatani jagung di Pulau Kisar, menggunakan Metode Survei dengan teknik Stratifikasi Random Sampling. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa biaya produksi jagung di Pulau Kisar Kecamatan PP Terselatan Kabupaten Maluku Barat Daya terdiri dari komponen biaya tetap meliputi : biaya penyusutan alat dan biaya sewa lahan, biaya variabel meliputi : biaya saprodi dan biaya tenaga kerja. Biaya variabel memberikan kontribusi terbesar terhadap biaya produksi usahatani jagung. Usahatani jagung menguntungkan dan layak diusahakan, ditunjukkan oleh besarnya rata-rata nilai pendapatan Rp.4.488.617 yang diperoleh dibandingkan dengan rata-rata biaya yang dikeluarkan petani sebesar Rp.3.755.917 serta nilai BC rasio sebesar 1,20. Usahatani jagung memiliki keberlanjutan secara ekonomi, ekologi dan sosial.Kata kunci : jagung, usahatani, keuntungan, kelayakan, keberlanjutan CORN FARMING ANALYSIS AND SUSTAINABILITY IN KISAR ISLAND, DISTRICT OF THE SOUTHEST ISLAND, SOUTHWEST MALUKU REGENCYABSTRACT Corn is the dominant crop commodity in Kisar Island and become staple food for the community. Corn farming are traditional and subsystems to meet farmers household food needs of farmers and not commercialized, even though they're sold in very limited numbers if there is an excess. The farming is carried out on permanent dry land by polyculture cropping pattern that is combination of annual and perrenial crops. This study aimed to examine the feasibility and profitability of corn farming in Kisar island, using survey methods with stratified random sampling technique. The results showed that the cost of corn production in Kisar Island, district of Southest Island in South West Maluku Regency is consisted of fixed cost and variable cost. The fixed cost components is including : equipment depreciation costs and land rent costs. The variable costs includes inputs costs and labor costs. Variable costs is the largest cost component for corn farming. Corn farming is profitable and viable, as indicated by the average revenue Rp. 4.488.617 compared to the average cost incurred by farmers Rp.3.755.917 and BC ratio of 1.20. Corn farming has economic, ecological, and social sustainability.
Abstrak Kota Sukabumi merupakan suatu wilayah di Jawa Barat yang mengalami perkembangan pesat dibanding daerah lainnya. Pada awalnya Sukabumi merupakan pemukiman penduduk bagian dari wilayah pemerintahan District Goenoeng Parang, Onderafdeeling Tjiheulang. bagian dari Afdeeling Tjiandjoer, Residentie Preanger (Regeerings Almanaks tahun 1872). Andries Christoffel Johannes de Wilde, seorang berkebangsaan Belanda yang pertama kali mengenalkan nama Soekaboemi (Soeka Boemi) ke dunia luar. Awalnya ia menjelajah di Sukabumi untuk mencari lokasi tanah yang cocok bagi perkebunan. Dari sebuah pemukiman, selanjutnya Sukabumi mengalami perkembangan pesat melampaui Cianjur yang sebelumnya berada di depan garis pacu. Perkembangan ini menarik perhatian penulis. Untuk menjabarkan dinamika Kota Sukabumi (1914-1942), dilakukan kajian historis dengan menggunakan metode sejarah yang terdiri atas heuristik, kritik, interpretasi, dan historiografi. Penelitian ini memfokuskan perhatian pada asal-usul terbentuknya Kota Sukabumi, dinamika pemerintahan, sosial dan ekonomi Kota Sukabumi dan faktor-faktor apa saja yang menyebabkan Kota Sukabumi berkembang pesat dari district menjadi gemeente. Kata kunci: Kota Sukabumi, dinamika, sosial ekonomi. Abstract The city of Sukabumi is a region in West Java that is experiencing rapid development compared to other regions. In the beginning, Sukabumi is a residential part of the district government area of District Goenoeng Parang, Onderafdeeling Tjiheulang. Part of Afdeeling Tjiandjoer, Residentie Preanger. (Regeerings Almanaks in 1872). Andries Christoffel Johannes de Wilde, a Dutch nationality who first introduced the name Soekaboemi (Soeka Boemi) to the outside. Initially he explored in Sukabumi to find a suitable land for plantation. From a settlement, Sukabumi subsequently experienced a rapid development beyond Cianjur previously in front of the race line. This development attracts the author's attention. To describe the dynamics of Sukabumi City (1914-1942), a historical study was conducted using historical method consisting of heuristics, criticism, interpretation, and historiography. This research focuses on the origin of Sukabumi city, the dynamics of government, social and economy of Sukabumi City and what factors cause the city of Sukabumi to grow rapidly from district to gemeente.
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