The relationship between infrastructure development, economic growth, and income inequality has always been debated. Those debates raised the question of "is there a role for infrastructure development in economic growth which in turn encourages a decline in income inequality?". This study aims to analyze the direct effect of infrastructure development on economic growth and the indirect effect-on income inequality. The present study used the Gini Ratio, Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) data at constant market prices, investment, number of workforces, percentage of poor population, distribution of clean water, electricity distribution, and road length as of 2010-2016. The analytical methods applied here include descriptive method along with a twostep regression analysis method. The results reveal that infrastructure had a positive effect on economic growth, whereas direct economic growth harmed income inequality. These findings demonstrate that infrastructure indirectly reduces income inequality. Thus, infrastructure development, especially basic infrastructure and transportation, could reduce income inequality in Indonesia. Based on these findings, the government and related parties should encourage investment in basic infrastructure and transportation to improve economic performance sustainably.
This paper investigates the impact of instrumented aggregate social capital on welfare (proxy with per capita household expenditure) among rural households in Indonesia. The research has found three instrumental variable, including participation of household in religious activity, participation of household in sport activity, and the number of social organizations in rural areas to solve the endogeneity problem. Using a model two stage least squares (2SLS), the study focus on the issue whether ownership of the aggregate social capital help household to increase per capita expenditure. The result indicates that aggregate social capital affects the welfare status positively and significantly. Further, the results show that the estimate of the instrumented aggregate social capital from the 2SLS model is higher than OLS model. To enhance social capital and increase welfare, we suggest government agencies should facilitate the participation of households in community activities and increase the number and activities of social organizations in rural areas.
AbstrakKebijakan pengurangan kemiskinan di Indonesia cenderung mengandalkan pendekatan ekonomi, seperti pembangunan infrastruktur (modal fisik), bantuan kredit (modal keuangan), dan bantuan pendidikan dan kesehatan (modal manusia). Padahal, kemiskinan merupakan persoalan yang kompleks, melibatkan banyak sumber daya termasuk modal sosial. Penelitian ini menganalisis peran modal sosial terhadap kemiskinan rumah tangga perdesaan di Indonesia. Modal sosial diukur berdasarkan indeks dimensi modal sosial (saling percaya, norma, gotong royong, partisipasi dalam kegiatan sosial, dan jejaring sosial), sedangkan kemiskinan diukur dengan pengeluaran per kapita rumah tangga. Metode analisis menggunakan model regresi linier berganda pada sampel sebanyak 40.474 rumah tangga. Adapun sumber data dari hasil survei berskala nasional yang dilakukan oleh BPS, yaitu Susenas tahun 2012 dan Podes tahun 2011. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa rata-rata indeks modal sosial rumah tangga di perdesaan sebesar 52,18 (maksimum 100). Adapun komponen yang paling berperan dalam pembentukan modal sosial rumah tangga miskin adalah rasa saling percaya. Hasil analisis juga menunjukkan bahwa modal sosial bersama-sama dengan modal manusia, modal keuangan, dan modal fisik memberikan efek positif terhadap pengeluaran per kapita rumah tangga, sehingga dapat mengurangi kemiskinan. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa modal sosial berperan penting dalam pengurangan kemiskinan di perdesaan. Pemerintah dan pihak terkait diharapkan membuat kebijakan yang memfasilitasi pengembangan modal sosial dalam upaya pengurangan kemiskinan di perdesaan Indonesia.
Although the causal effect of social capital on poverty in developing countries has been increasingly documented, the empirical evidence regarding the two-way causality between social capital and poverty is still limited. This study empirically explores the relationship between social capital and poverty in rural areas of Indonesia. Using two nationally representative data sets, this analysis showed social capital defined by participation in social activities positively affects household expenditure (proxy poverty). Besides household expenditure, the findings on the determinants of social capital are (a) well educated (measured by years of formal schooling), (b) the number of social organizations in the village, (c) permanent market infrastructure, and (d) home ownership. These factors constitute a possible means to facilitate poor household access to social capital, which will increase income and reduce poverty especially in rural areas.
ABSTRAK. Penelitian ini meneliti dampak partisipasi dalam kelompok kemasyarakatan (kegiatan keagamaan, olah raga, dan arisan) terhadap pendapatan (dengan proksi pengeluaran perkapita) rumah tangga di perdesaan Indonesia. Hasil penelitian menemukan ada hubungan kausal dua arah antara pengeluaran perkapita dan akses pada kegiatan kemasyarakatan. Hal ini menunjukkan adanya masalah endogenitas, sehingga artikel ini menggunakan pendekatan probit kuadrat terkecildua tahap (2SPLS) yang dapat mengontrol endogenitas. Dengan menggunakan data hasil survei Badan Pusat Statistik, hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa partisipasi dalam organisasi kemasyarakatan secara positif memengaruhi pengeluaran perkapita, sehingga dapat meningkatkan pendapatan dan mengurangi kemiskinan. Hasil penelitian lebih lanjut menunjukkan bahwa pengeluaran perkapita dan lama sekolah kepala rumah tangga secara positif terkait dengan akses terhadap organisasi kemasyarakatan. Dari temuan ini, strategi pemerintah untuk untuk meningkatkan pendapatan rumah tangga di perdesaan dapat bersifat kelompok dengan mendorong jumlah dan kegiatan organisasi kemasyarakatan dan akan mengurangi kemiskinan lebih cepat di perdesaan.
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