We provide an analysis of contemporary multilayer optics for extreme ultraviolet (EUV) solar astronomy in the wavelength ranges: λ=12.9-13.3 nm, λ=17-21 nm, λ=28-33 nm, and λ=58.4 nm. We found new material pairs, which will make new spaceborne experiments possible due to the high reflection efficiencies, spectral resolution, and long-term stabilities of the proposed multilayer coatings. In the spectral range λ=13 nm, Mo/Be multilayer mirrors were shown to demonstrate a better ratio of reflection efficiency and spectral resolution compared with the commonly used Mo/Si. In the spectral range λ=17-21 nm, a new multilayer structure Al/Si was proposed, which had higher spectral resolution along with comparable reflection efficiency compared with the commonly used Al/Zr multilayer structures. In the spectral range λ=30 nm, the Si/B4C/Mg/Cr multilayer structure turned out to best obey reflection efficiency and long-term stability. The B4C and Cr layers prevented mutual diffusion of the Si and Mg layers. For the spectral range λ=58 nm, a new multilayer Mo/Mg-based structure was developed; its reflection efficiency and long-term stability have been analyzed. We also investigated intrinsic stresses inherent for most of the multilayer structures and proposed possibilities for stress elimination.
We present research investigations in the eld of multilayer optics in X-ray and extreme ultra-violet ranges (XUV), aimed at the development of optical elements for applications in experiments in physics and in scienti c instrumentation. We discuss normal incidence multilayer optics in the spectral region of \water window", multilayer optics for collimation and focusing of hard X-rays, multilayer dispersing elements for X-ray spectroscopy of high-temperature plasma, multilayer dispersing elements for analysis of low Z-elements. Our research pays special attention to optimization of multilayer optics for projection EUV-lithography ( ¶ = 13nm) and short period multilayer optics.
The application of system theory (or more precisely, differential equations) to immunology and disease, in general, is presented here. Particular results from U.S.-Russian research collaboration depict the potential role of such systematic analysis for more effective health care and disease control. In particular, some emphasis is given to control of influenza. After a brief systematic overview of immunology, a simple infectious disease model is developed to explain four basic forms of disease: subclinical, acute, lethal and chronic. Then, disease treatment is studied.
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