A significant obstacle to avoiding chronic illnesses in people worldwide is the increasing development of obesity. They are supported by economic expansion, mechanized transportation, a rise in sedentary behavior, and a switch from a wholesome, healthy diet to processed foods and high-calorie meals, including fast food and sugary drinks. Many developed or emerging countries have seen the prevalence of obesity in their populations increase twice over. Therefore, it must now be treated as a disease of concern. Since obesity is intimately linked to diabetes and hypertension and is linked to hemodynamic, structural, and histological renal alterations, it has been identified as one of the major causes of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Type 2 diabetes mellitus (Type-2 DM) and hypertension are directly related to obesity. A lack of insulin sensitivity intensifies the effects of angiotensin-II, aggravates proteinuria, and triggers the production of inflammatory cytokines, which contribute to the pathophysiological mechanism underlying renal damage. These conditions include glomerular hyperfiltration, hypertrophy, hypercellularity, and widening of mesangial regions. These days, obesity is a serious issue that needs to be addressed. If a child is obese from birth, then the negative consequences of obesity on the kidneys also occur in childhood. Although it is simple to prevent, it is recommended that children be encouraged to play outside, eat a decent, nutritious, and balanced diet, and consume as little fast food as possible. Obesity is a problem that affects people from their earliest years of life. We need to increase public awareness so that people in their middle years consider health and well-being a priority. They must be aware of the subsequent issues that even mild obesity might cause, such as CKD, chronic cardiac illnesses, hypertension, diabetes, etc. We looked up the following terms in PubMed, Medline, and Google: "obesity," "CKD," "Diabetes," "Hypertension," "Developmental Programming/developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD)," and "Renal programming" to describe the relationship between CKD and obesity as a risk factor in this review.

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

Sickle cell disease (SCD) consists of a variety of hereditary hemoglobinopathies linked to alterations in the beta component of the hemoglobin (Hb) molecule. Acute SCD manifestations include stroke, acute chest syndrome (ACS), and pain, whereas chronic manifestations include avascular necrosis, chronic renal disease, and gallstones. This case report describes a rare instance of SCD-related pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and cholelithiasis (CL). Following investigations, such as high-resolution CT scan thorax, chest X-ray, two-dimensional echocardiography, and ultrasonography of the abdomen and pelvis, PAH and CL were confirmed. The medical intervention mainly involved oxygenation, IV fluids, IV antibiotics, simple packed red blood cell transfusion (SBCT), folic acid, calcium supplementation, hydroxyurea, chest physiotherapy, and respiratory muscle strengthening exercises. The surgical intervention for CL was planned. Hence, the learning point from this case is that early multidisciplinary approach should be taken in order to control the progression of SCD.

No abstract

Obestatin is a gut hormone composed of 23 amino acids that play a role in protecting the heart. It is synthesized from the same preproghrelin gut hormone gene as another gut hormone. The function and receptor of obestatin remain controversial, despite being present in various organs such as the liver, heart, mammary gland, pancreas, and more. The activity of obestatin is opposite to that of ghrelin, another hormone. The GPR-39 receptor is used by obestatin to exert its effects. Obestatin's cardioprotective role can be attributed to its ability to affect various factors, including adipose tissue, blood pressure regulation, heart, ischemia-reperfusion injury, endothelial cells, and diabetes. Because these factors are related to the cardiovascular system, modifying them via obestatin can provide cardioprotection. Furthermore, ghrelin, its antagonist hormone, regulates cardiovascular health. Diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and ischemiareperfusion injury can all alter ghrelin/obestatin levels. Obestatin has also been shown to impact other organs, reducing weight and appetite, inhibiting food intake, and increasing adipogenesis. Obestatin has a brief half-life and is quickly degraded by proteases in the blood, liver, and kidneys after entering circulation. This article offers insights into the cardiac function of obestatin.