Chronic Kidney Disease: Its Relationship With Obesity

Abstract

A significant obstacle to avoiding chronic illnesses in people worldwide is the increasing development of obesity. They are supported by economic expansion, mechanized transportation, a rise in sedentary behavior, and a switch from a wholesome, healthy diet to processed foods and high-calorie meals, including fast food and sugary drinks. Many developed or emerging countries have seen the prevalence of obesity in their populations increase twice over. Therefore, it must now be treated as a disease of concern. Since obesity is intimately linked to diabetes and hypertension and is linked to hemodynamic, structural, and histological renal alterations, it has been identified as one of the major causes of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Type 2 diabetes mellitus (Type-2 DM) and hypertension are directly related to obesity. A lack of insulin sensitivity intensifies the effects of angiotensin-II, aggravates proteinuria, and triggers the production of inflammatory cytokines, which contribute to the pathophysiological mechanism underlying renal damage. These conditions include glomerular hyperfiltration, hypertrophy, hypercellularity, and widening of mesangial regions. These days, obesity is a serious issue that needs to be addressed. If a child is obese from birth, then the negative consequences of obesity on the kidneys also occur in childhood. Although it is simple to prevent, it is recommended that children be encouraged to play outside, eat a decent, nutritious, and balanced diet, and consume as little fast food as possible. Obesity is a problem that affects people from their earliest years of life. We need to increase public awareness so that people in their middle years consider health and well-being a priority. They must be aware of the subsequent issues that even mild obesity might cause, such as CKD, chronic cardiac illnesses, hypertension, diabetes, etc. We looked up the following terms in PubMed, Medline, and Google: "obesity," "CKD," "Diabetes," "Hypertension," "Developmental Programming/developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD)," and "Renal programming" to describe the relationship between CKD and obesity as a risk factor in this review.

Annual Change of Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate in Healthy Individuals

“…As possible explanation we find the lack of information on proteinuria. The obesity has been recognized as a risk factor of CKD [9].…”

Lipid metabolism and renal function markers in obese adolescents

“…These results need to be confirmed with the inclusion of larger study groups. Discussing the importance of obesity in the development of CKD, Prasad et al [1] and Yim et al [2] point out that children born to obese mothers are at greater risk of developing the disease, which would also need to be included in future studies, rather including adults. Indeed, organ changes associated with obesity increase gradually, and obesity and hyperlipidaemia themselves affect kidneys not only directly, but also by inducing cardiovascular disease [24].…”

“…It also causes haemodynamic and histological changes in kidneys and is considered an important cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in adults. Importantly, obesity from early childhood can result in early onset of CKD [1,2]. Vivante et al found that the risk of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in obese 17-year-olds is 2.4 times higher over a follow-up of 25 years than in non-obese subjects [3].…”

Improving Cardiovascular Risk in Postmenopausal Women with an (−)-Epicatechin-Based Nutraceutical: A Randomly Assigned, Double-Blind vs. Placebo, Proof-of-Concept Trial

“…While obesity predominated in women (41% vs. 32.3%), being overweight was more frequent in men (41.2% vs. 35.8%) [ 7 ]. Obesity/overweight (O/O), mainly in adults, increases the risk of developing diabetes, high blood pressure, dyslipidemia, ischemic heart disease, stroke, chronic kidney disease, and many other dangerous comorbid conditions [ 8 , 9 , 10 ]. O/O women with the so-called metabolic syndrome (MS) are known to be at high risk for CVD, still more significantly than their male counterparts [ 11 ].…”