Congenital malformations pose significant challenges in the low socioeconomic strata of developing countries. This review critically examines the prevalence, patterns, and factors influencing congenital malformations in these settings. It explores the physical, psychological, and economic consequences for affected individuals and their families and the social stigma and discrimination they face. The review highlights the importance of equity and access to healthcare services, the role of environmental factors and nutritional deficiencies, and the ethical considerations and policy implications associated with congenital malformations. Existing interventions, challenges in implementation, and innovative approaches are discussed. Gaps in knowledge and areas for further research are identified. Addressing congenital malformations in low socioeconomic strata requires multidisciplinary collaboration, advocacy, and inclusive policies. By prioritizing preventive measures, early detection, and comprehensive care, the burden of congenital malformations can be reduced, improving the quality of life for affected individuals and their communities.
This paper assesses the basics of intellectual property in India. It explains the various kinds of intellectual property in the international arena. The prevalence of intellectual property in India can be understood in the background of major international conventions that were introduced impacting the sector of intellectual property across the world and especially in India.
Successfully changing patients’ dietary behavior is a challenging problem in the management of chronic kidney disease (CKD). To test the feasibility and acceptability of an internet‐based, self‐administered, dietary assessment tool equipped with instructional feedback, aimed at facilitating patient dietary change and reducing resource burdens on providers, 12 patients diagnosed with stage IV CKD (pre‐dialysis stage) were recruited. Multiple validated questionnaires, gauging nutritional education, importance in CKD management and patients’ compliance to required dietary guidelines were applied. Results show that 25–30% of the patients were severely non‐compliant to the requirement guidelines for each nutrient. Awareness about the role of diet in CKD management was found among 0%–58% of population varying over different nutrients. All of the patients successfully completed the web based dietary assessment. Patients and physicians differed considerably in their perception of the use of the report. Dietary knowledge and adherence to KDOQI guidelines is suboptimal among CKD patients, however, interest and motivation is high. Web based tools are well‐accepted among CKD patients as an aid to assessing dietary adherence to KDOQI guidelines and may pose a cost effective approach to bridging the adherence gap.
Skeletal muscle atrophy is a complex physiological process characterized by progressive muscle mass and strength loss. It is associated with various health conditions, including aging, disease, and certain diseases. Emerging research has indicated that oxidative stress plays a significant role in developing and progressing skeletal muscle atrophy. This review article explores the mechanisms by which oxidative stress influences skeletal muscle atrophy and its implications for potential therapeutic interventions. The review begins by providing an overview of skeletal muscle atrophy and the current understanding of its underlying mechanisms, highlighting the intricate balance between protein degradation and synthesis pathways. Subsequently, the concept of oxidative stress is introduced, discussing its sources and the intricate redox signaling pathways present in skeletal muscle cells. This review's main focus is exploring the multifaceted role of oxidative stress in skeletal muscle atrophy. The detrimental effects of excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production on cellular components, including proteins, lipids, and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), are discussed. In addition, the impact of oxidative stress on key signaling pathways involved in muscle wasting, such as the ubiquitin-proteasome system and autophagy, is examined. Furthermore, the review highlights the implications of oxidative stress in modulating muscle regeneration and the importance of redox balance in maintaining muscle health. Potential therapeutic strategies targeting oxidative stress, such as antioxidant supplementation, exercise interventions, and pharmacological approaches, are also discussed. In conclusion, this review comprehensively explains the intricate relationship between oxidative stress and skeletal muscle atrophy. By elucidating the underlying mechanisms and discussing potential therapeutic interventions, this review aims to contribute to the development of novel strategies for mitigating muscle wasting and improving overall muscle health.
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