Unraveling the Challenges: A Critical Review of Congenital Malformations in Low Socioeconomic Strata of Developing Countries

Abstract

Congenital malformations pose significant challenges in the low socioeconomic strata of developing countries. This review critically examines the prevalence, patterns, and factors influencing congenital malformations in these settings. It explores the physical, psychological, and economic consequences for affected individuals and their families and the social stigma and discrimination they face. The review highlights the importance of equity and access to healthcare services, the role of environmental factors and nutritional deficiencies, and the ethical considerations and policy implications associated with congenital malformations. Existing interventions, challenges in implementation, and innovative approaches are discussed. Gaps in knowledge and areas for further research are identified. Addressing congenital malformations in low socioeconomic strata requires multidisciplinary collaboration, advocacy, and inclusive policies. By prioritizing preventive measures, early detection, and comprehensive care, the burden of congenital malformations can be reduced, improving the quality of life for affected individuals and their communities.

Prevalence and Risk Factors for Congenital Malformations in Morocco

“…In France, specifically the Paris region, the total prevalence of malformations and chromosomal anomalies among births and medical terminations of pregnancy was recorded at 32 per 1000 in 2000 (12). The variation in prevalence rates of congenital malformations can be attributed to multiple factors, such as geographical location, genetics, environmental exposures, and the efficacy of epidemiological surveillance, explaining the observed differences across countries and regions (31). These disparities might also stem from an underestimation of percentages, especially in regions with insufficient death registration systems, which may lead to the misclassification of deaths caused by congenital malformations (4).…”

A retrospective study of congenital anomalies and associated risk factors among children admitted at a tertiary hospital in northwestern Tanzania

“…Still, limited investigation on the burden of congenital anomalies in African countries remains a noteworthy challenge. A lack of trained professionals also contributes to underdiagnosis or possible misdiagnosis, which in turn likely leads to an underestimation of the true burden of the disease [ 19 ].…”

Examining the Prevalence of Congenital Anomalies in Newborns: A Cross-Sectional Study at a Tertiary Care Maternity Hospital in Saudi Arabia

“…These anomalies can severely impact organs, limbs, and any system in the body [1]. CA affects individuals and their families with long-term physical, economic, psychological, and social consequences [2]. Globally, eight million children are born with congenital anomalies each year, resulting in 3.3 million deaths before they reach their fifth birthday and 3.2 million survivors facing potential physical or mental disabilities [1,3].…”

“…While ecological pollutants, drugs, and infectious agents pose global concerns, there is still a lack of clarity regarding the underlying causes of many congenital anomalies, emphasizing the complexity often attributed to multifactorial inheritance in typical cases. Effective healthcare planning and prevention strategies hinge on unravelling these complexities [2,4]. Understanding the occurrence and trends of congenital malformations is crucial for identifying factors that may cause or prevent them.…”

“…2 = 71.1; df = 18, p < 0.001 Significant (yates' correction) * Congenital heart defects; # Neural system defects.…”