Endometrial Receptivity During the Preimplantation Period: A Narrative Review

Abstract

Endometrial receptivity is a complex and critical process fundamental to achieving a successful pregnancy. While researchers have made significant strides in understanding the underlying mechanisms governing endometrial receptivity, effective diagnostic and therapeutic strategies remain scarce. This review article aims to elucidate the various factors that contribute to endometrial receptivity, including the hormonal regulation and molecular mechanisms that govern this process, as well as potential biomarkers for assessing endometrial receptivity. One of the major challenges in identifying reliable biomarkers for endometrial receptivity is the intricate nature of the process itself. Nonetheless, recent advances in transcriptomic and proteomic technologies have identified several candidate biomarkers that could potentially enhance our ability to predict endometrial receptivity. Furthermore, emerging technologies such as single-cell RNA sequencing and mass spectrometry-based proteomics hold great promise for providing novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying endometrial receptivity. Despite the lack of reliable biomarkers, various therapeutic strategies have been proposed to improve endometrial receptivity. One promising approach involves the transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which have been shown to increase endometrial thickness and receptivity in both animal models and clinical trials. Growth factors, cytokines, and exosomes derived from MSCs and other cell types may also have therapeutic potential for addressing endometrial dysfunction.

Predicting risk of subsequent pregnancy loss among women with recurrent pregnancy loss: An immunological factor‐based multivariable model

“…28 Late menarche has been associated with autoimmune disorders 29,30 and metabolic disorder, such as insulin resistance 31 and polycystic ovary syndrome, 32 which are risk factors for the development of RPL, thus indirectly influencing PRL. These diseases may affect ovarian function and hormone levels, leading to hormonal imbalances that can interfere with endometrial receptivity and contribute to failed implantation, 33,34 thereby increasing the pregnancy loss risk. Further research is needed to explore the potential link between late age at menarche and RPL, as this relationship is currently understudied.…”

Pathophysiological Insight into Fatty Acid-Binding Protein-4: Multifaced Roles in Reproduction, Pregnancy, and Offspring Health

“…Pregnancy constitutes a complex physiological process that engages robust immunological and metabolic adaptations [ 1 ]. These changes are precisely regulated by a myriad of hormones and cytokines, which are critical for ensuring a successful pregnancy [ 1 ].…”

“…Pregnancy constitutes a complex physiological process that engages robust immunological and metabolic adaptations [ 1 ]. These changes are precisely regulated by a myriad of hormones and cytokines, which are critical for ensuring a successful pregnancy [ 1 ]. The physiological dynamics include the establishment of the immune tolerance status for foreign alloantigen maintenance and endocrine alternation typified by insulin resistance [ 2 ].…”

The effect of vitamin D3 provided with Phytosolve on the genes involved in implantation in the PCOS model

“…Integrins, or CAMs, are believed to be reliable indicators of endometrial receptivity and are essential in cell interaction. Integrins exhibit a sandwich-like structure in the embryonic junction ( Wang & Armant, 2002 ; Achache & Revel, 2006 ; Jiang & Li, 2022 ; Zhang et al ., 2022; Bajpai et al ., 2023 ). Additionally, expression of LIF mRNA in the endometrium of healthy women occurs during the middle and late secretory phases of the menstrual cycle, as well as in early pregnancy ( Aghajanova, 2004 ; Kara et al ., 2016 ; Ajdary et al ., 2020 ; Fukui et al ., 2022 ; Bajpai et al ., 2023 ).…”

“…Integrins exhibit a sandwich-like structure in the embryonic junction ( Wang & Armant, 2002 ; Achache & Revel, 2006 ; Jiang & Li, 2022 ; Zhang et al ., 2022; Bajpai et al ., 2023 ). Additionally, expression of LIF mRNA in the endometrium of healthy women occurs during the middle and late secretory phases of the menstrual cycle, as well as in early pregnancy ( Aghajanova, 2004 ; Kara et al ., 2016 ; Ajdary et al ., 2020 ; Fukui et al ., 2022 ; Bajpai et al ., 2023 ). The HOXA-10 gene also has a physiological role in implantation by regulating the response of endometrial stromal cells to progesterone ( Celik et al ., 2015 ; Kara et al ., 2016 ; 2019 ; Zhang et al , 2022; Bajpai et al ., 2023 ).…”