Introduction: Hypertension is a leading problem in Indonesia, because of the high prevalence and the long term effect. Bitter melon leaves (Momordica charantia L.) has been traditionally utilized to treat hypertension, yet not many studies explained the antihypertension effect of this plant. Methods: This study was conducted to test the benefit of bitter melon leaves as antihypertension using angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition activity in 80% ethanolic extract and its fractions (n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol) using ACE kit-WST (Dojindo, Japan). Then the antihypertension activity was associated with the phenolic content which was expressed in gallic acid equivalent (GAE) and total flavonoid in quercetin equivalent (QE). Results: Result of the study showed that the IC50 value obtained from the ethanolic extract to inhibit ACE activity was 7.52 μg/mL and the highest inhibition obtained in ethyl acetate fraction with IC50 value was 4,29 μg/mL. Phenolic total and flavonoid total determination also showed that the highest content obtained in ethyl acetate fraction with 18.752 mg GAE/gr extract and 8.310 mg QE/gr extract, respectively. Conclusion: According to the study, it could be concluded that bitter melon (Momordica charantia L.) leaves provide inhibition activity against Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) and chemical compounds that were expected to play an active role in inhibiting ACE were flavonoid and tannin.
INTRODUCTIONHypertension is the biggest challenge in Indonesia. Based on Riset Kesehatan Dasar data on 2013, there was quite high hypertension prevalence, which was shown as 25.8%. Every year, hypertension has caused the death of 9.4 million people. WHO predicted that in 2025 there will be around 29% of world population that suffered from hypertension and will increase if they don't follow a healthy lifestyle. The highest percentage of hypertension now obtained from development countries. 1Based on clinical studies, antihypertension drugs such as Angiotensin Converting Enzyme inhibitor (ACEi), Angiotensin Receptor Blocker (ARB), betablocker (BB), Calcium Channel Blocker (CCB), and thiazide diuretics can lower hypertension complications without affecting the target organs. 2The raise of blood pressure can be caused by the lowering effect of peripheral pressure. NO (Nitric Oxide) is a vasodilator agent works by lowering the peripheral pressure. ACE (Angiotensin Converting Enzyme) inhibition works by inhibiting the production of Angiotensin II and increase bradykinin level. Bradykinin induces receptor on endothelial cells and causing NOS3 (Nitrate Oxide Synthase 3) activation, NOS3 (endothelial) can convert arginine into NO and produce vasodilatation effect. Watercress (Nasturtium officinale R. Br.) is a widely consumed plant by the population. This plant usually used as food, while many people also use them as traditional medicine. Watercress (N. officinale R. Br.) known has ACE inhibition activity, this is shown with IC50 value of the methanolic extract of N. officinale R. Br. which is 15.40 μg/mL and contained alkaloid, saponin, anthraquinone, terpenoid, and tannin compounds. 3On this study, we conducted ACE inhibition activity test which was obtained from watercress (Nasturtium officinale R. Br.), continued with each fraction (n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol) and also a measurement of total phenolic content and total flavonoid content. MATERIALS AND METHODSThis study was conducted in Phytochemical Laboratory and Quantitative Analysis of Pharmaceutical Chemistry of the Universitas Indonesia, Depok. Work procedures done were material preparations, extractions, fractionations, ACE inhibition percentage measurements and IC50 test from the extract and also total phenolic and flavonoid content measurements on watercress (Nasturtium officinale R. Br.) fractions. Material PreparationsPlant determination was conducted to confirm that we used the right plant, such as watercress (Nasturtium officinale R. Br.). Plant identification result showed that sample was in Brassicaceae Family, Nasturtium officinale R. Br. Species. Botanical ExtractionThe method used in extraction process in this study was maceration with ethanol 70% as the solvent, aiming to separate some secondary metabolites in the botanical powder. Maceration method was chosen because the device was simple and safe to use for thermolabile compounds because this method does not need heat. ACE Inhibitory Activity, Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Content of Wat...
Introduction: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) are drugs that can control hypertension. Pereskia saccharose Griseb. leaves have been used traditionally as antihypertensive. Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the antihypertensive activity through inhibition of ACE activity, the total phenolic content and total flavonoid content of the ethanolic extract of Pereskia saccharose Griseb. leaves and its fractions. Methods: Extraction was done by maceration with 80% ethanol and fractionation performed by liquid-liquid partition. Results: In vitro ACE inhibitory activity assay of the ethanolic extract using ACE Kit-WST Dojindo had IC 50 value of 3.448 µg/mL and ethyl acetate fraction had IC 50 value of 1.714 x 10-3 µg/mL. Ethyl acetate contained the highest amounts of both TPC (72.991 ± 0.932 mg GAE/g sample) and TFC (61.337 ± 1.612 mg QE/g sample). Conclusion:The results suggest that Pereskia saccharose Griseb. possess ACE inhibitory activity.
Introduction: Peperomia pellucida L. Kunth has been reported to have some biological activities such as antihypertensive and antioxidants. Herbal materials susceptible to contamination during processing and storage which can shortens their shelf life. Gamma-irradiation has been used as a method for preservation. Methods:This research aimed to analyze the effect of gamma-irradiation on inhibition activity of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), antioxidant activity, total phenol content, total flavonoid, and thin layer chromatography profiles of P. pellucida L. Herbs extract. The extract was irradiated with 60Co gamma rays at 2.5; 5; 7.5; dan 10 kGy. Results: Irradiation up to 10 kGy did not change ACE inhibitory activity and TLC profile. No significant differences were noted in the inhibition activity of ACE and the type of chromatogram profiles between non-irradiated extract and irradiated extracts up to a dose of 10 kGy while total flavonoids showed a significant decrease. In addition, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity showed a significant increase of extracts were irradiated up to 5 kGy and decrease at dose 7,5 kGy and 10 kGy. Gamma-irradiation up to 10 kGy didn't affect the activity of ACEinhibitor in-vitro while significant difference (P <0.05) of antioxidant activity, total flavonoids and phenolic content of the extract P. Pellucida. Conclusion: In conclusion, gamma -irradiation can be used as a preservation method for ethanol extract P. Pellucida L. Kunth herbs.
Introduction: Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth is known as a raw material for herbal medicine; Preservation of herbs powder by gamma irradiation is reported to be able to keep products free from contamination. Methods: This study aims to evaluate the effect of gamma irradiation (0; 2.5; 5; 7.5; and 10 kGy) on the ACE inhibitory activity (ACE Kit -WST test kit method), antioxidant activity (DPPH radical scavenging method), total phenolic content (colorimetric method using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent), total flavonoid content (colorimetric method using AlCl3 and sodium acetate), and TLC profiling (silica gel F 254 as the stationary phase and dichlormethane:methanol [92:8] as the mobile phase) of suruhan herb powder. Results: Results showed that the 2.5 kGy irradiation dose gave the smallest alteration in ACE inhibitory activity compared to others irradiated doses. Furthermore, the 5 and 7.5 kGy dose didn't cause significant change (p>0.05) on antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, and total flavonoid content. Antioxidant activity was found to correlate with the total phenolic content but not with the total flavonoid content. Conclusion: Based on these finding, it is concluded that gamma irradiation can be used as a preservation method for P. pellucida herb powder.
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