The article is devoted to the consideration of the periphery of the parts of speech system. The theory of parts of speech, constituting the core of the theory of grammatical structure and serving as the basis for describing the linguistic system as a whole, is an area of controversial debates in the context of various linguistic paradigms. The internal contradictions inherent in the language system do not allow developing integrated, logically consistent criteria for the classification of lexis, covering all categories of words. The functional-semantic and formal heterogeneity of lexical categories does not make it possible to include them into "the Procrustean bed," a scheme recommended by various linguistic schools. The most contradictory classifications are the ones of the so-called synsemantic, functional words which are characterized by a high degree of categorical interpenetration. The determination of the categorical status of this kind of words is possible only on the basis of semantic and pragmatic features of discourse, as well as when taking into account presupposition factors.
The inconsistency in the speech parts classifications in related and unrelated languages present the interest for comparative linguistic research. Particular attention shall be given to function words where the controversy in existing classifications increases. Turn to function words as research subject shows that their impact on text and discourse is not fully uncovered. Looking from translation point of view, function words remain often undervalued, which can lead to failure to transmit culture-specific meanings. In this regard, particles can be called one of the most controversial classes of function words: questions on their grammatical status, semantics, and syntactical features remain open. This paper looks into the functional potential of particles in fiction and brings lights to their role in creating word pictures of literature characters in Russian, German, and English highlighting ways of particles' translation. The authors point out the impact of particles on the text and propose to look at particles in compared languages as personification tools of speech portraits of literary characters.
The article is devoted to reflexives in the lexico-grammatical system of the language and artistic discourse in the linguocultural contrastive aspect. The problem of establishing the lexico-grammatical nature of reflexives remains relevant in modern linguistics, since the language system in different linguistic cultures lives according to its linguistic laws. The novelty of the study lies in determining the fact that the level status of reflexives is various in different languages. It has been established that the lexical and grammatical categories of reflexive pronouns are contradictory and unstable, presented not only in different languages, but also in grammatical studies of different authors within the same language. In some studies, the reflexive forms a category consisting of one unit, in others – several units and in some studies, they are considered as personal pronouns. In some languages, the reflexive of verbs is described along with active and passive forms as a grammeme of the grammatical category of voice, in others they have a double-level status. As a result of structural, lexico-grammatical analysis, comparative analysis, interpretative analysis of the actual material (artistic discourse), subject-predicate-object relations in verbs defined as reflexive were revealed. The perspective is the consideration of the discursive nature of reflexives in various types of discourse in different linguistic cultures.
The article presents a linguosynergetic approach to the study of metaphors. Having an inherent interdisciplinary character synergetics opens new perspectives for the research of various linguistic phenomena. The synergetic methodology is applied to the object of the current study -a metaphor. The metaphorization is not regarded as a unidirectional linear projection of meanings; it is a synergetic interaction of two or more input domains. The authors observe a non-linear interaction of order parameters (meanings and connotations that characterize the concepts of source and target domains). That interaction results in the formation of a new conceptual unit that has its own identity -a completely new set of meanings. The authors apply the synergetic methodology to study metaphors with the target-domain "death" in the literary discourse by Terry Pratchett. It is worth mentioning that at the level of discourse the concept "death" unfolds along the tree-like trajectory, which explicated a logical, gradual meaning cohesion and the dual nature of the concept. In the beginning, the death is primarily associated with the conventional personification of death -Grim Reaper. Gradually the image of Grim Reaper transforms into the image of a positive character Kind Reaper who has to perform his duty.
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