Grapevine trunk diseases are a major concern to the wine-and table-grape industries worldwide, limiting both vineyard longevity and productivity. Field surveys conducted throughout the grape-growing regions of Arkansas and Missouri revealed the presence of three economically important grapevine trunk diseases including, Botryosphaeria canker, Eutypa dieback and esca. Morphological studies along with multi-gene phylogenetical analyses confirmed the identification of 15 different fungal taxa associated with different vascular symptoms. These include Botryosphaeria dothidea, Diatrypella sp.
Grafting joins two distinct plant parts: a scion (shoot system) from a donor plant and a rootstock (root system) from a second plant to which the scion is attached. The practice of grafting chiefly enables clonal propagation but can also have many other benefits, such as reducing the juvenility period (increasing precocity) or size (dwarfing) in fruit trees (Fazio et al., 2014; Warschefsky et al., 2016;Webster, 1995).In grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.), widespread use of grafting began in the late 1800s, following the introduction of phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae Fitch) to Europe from North America. While
19Grape growers use rootstocks to provide protection against pests and pathogens and to modulate 20 viticulture performance such as shoot growth. Our study examined two grapevine varieties 21 ('Chardonnay' and 'Cabernet Sauvignon') grafted to 15 different rootstocks and determined the 22 effect of rootstocks on eight traits important to viticulture. We assessed the vines across five 23 years and identified both year and variety as contributing strongly to trait variation. However, the 24 effect of rootstock was relatively consistent across years and varieties, explaining between 9% 25 and 10% of the variation in growth-related traits including yield, pruning weight, berry weight, 26 and Ravaz index (yield to pruning weight ratio). Increases in yield due to rootstock were 27 generally the result of increases in berry weight, likely due to increased water uptake by vines 28 grafted to a particular rootstock. We determined that it is possible to achieve an over 50% 29 increase in yield, pruning weight, and Ravaz index by choosing the optimal rootstock, indicating 30 that rootstock choice is crucial for grape growers looking to improve vine performance. 31 32 157 158
aged by crows. From these estimates, we calculated a 3 to 4% loss in production, about 40 pounds per acre, for those returning the survey. In estimating overall loss, average losses in the range of 1 to 5% and 6 to 10% were reported by 28% and 26% of the growers, respectively; 24% of the growers indicated losses in the range of 11 to 50%.
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