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IntrOductIOnProstatitis is a frequent urologic condition that many urologists find difficult to treat efficiently. It has been estimated that up to half of all men suffer from symptoms of prostatitis at some time in their lifetime [1]. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) is characterized by progressive enlargement of the prostate [2]; it is a non malignant neoplastic process secondary to increased cellular growth. BPH is one of the most common causes of Lower Urinary Tract symptoms (LUTS) [3]. LUTS correspond to a group of persistent urinary symptoms that occurs among 15% to 60% of men who are older than 40 years of age [4,5]. About half of the male population over the age of 50 can be diagnosed with histological BPH, and this prevalence increases with age to about 90% over the age of 80 [6]. As the lumen of the prostatic urethra get disturbed by fibroadenomatous enlargement in the periurethral region of the prostate, the outflow of urine is obstructed this results in an incomplete voiding of urine from bladder causing stasis and may incline the chances of infection [7]. The symptoms related to BPH is like lower urinary tract symptoms such as difficulty starting urination, a frequent need to urinate, difficulty in fully emptying the bladder, straining and dribbling [8].Bladder Outlet Obstruction (BOO) secondary to BPH is partly due to chronic urinary retention, renal insufficiency which leads to complications like recurrent urinary tract infections, gross haematuria, and formation of bladder calculi, kidney stones and kidney failure [9].The epidemiology of BPH and prostatitis showing male LUTS has evolved considerably in the recent past [10]. Therefore the bacterial aetiology of LUTS in the patients of BPH and/or prostatitis should be studied extensively which will help the clinicians in proper management of the condition and thus, can curb the danger of the complications associated with it. MAtErIALS And MEtHOdSThe cross-sectional study was carried out in the Department of Microbiology from June 2014 to May 2015. The inclusion criteria included: 1) Male patients who were suspected (signs and symptoms) of LUTS were included in the study; 2) The age range of the patient included > 40 years; 3) Patients with BPH and/or Prostatitis confirmed by radiological examination, semen culture and Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) test. The Exclusion criteria included: 1) Females were not included in this study; 2) The patients aging < 40 years; 3) Patients that were on antibiotics within last 48 hours. The study was carried out after the due ethical clearance by institutional ethical committee.

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In this work, the result of reachable set bounding and extended dissipative control synthesis of the Markovian jump time-delayed system is studied subject to stochastic actuator failures and partially known transition probabilities. Specifically, a novel actuator fault model is designed, in which the actuator fault matrix satisfies a certain probabilistic condition. Under the construction of an appropriate Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional (LKF), as well as reciprocal convex approach, Jensen’s integral inequality, and reachable set lemma, delay-dependent sufficient criteria are obtained in terms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) for finding an ellipsoid to bound the reachable sets of the Markovian jump time-delayed system with bounded disturbances. Finally, two numerical examples are provided to validate the effectiveness of the proposed strategy.

We investigate robust fault-tolerant control pertaining to Takagi–Sugeno (TS) fuzzy nonlinear systems with bounded disturbances, actuator failures, and time delays. A new fault model based on a sampled-data scheme that is able to satisfy certain criteria in relation to actuator fault matrix is introduced. Specifically, we formulate a reliable controller with state feedback, such that the resulting closed-loop-fuzzy system is robust, asymptotically stable, and able to satisfy a prescribed H∞ performance constraint. Linear matrix inequality (LMI) together with a proper construction of the Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional is leveraged to derive delay-dependent sufficient conditions with respect to the existence of robust H∞ controller. It is straightforward to obtain the solution by using the MATLAB LMI toolbox. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the control law and less conservativeness of the results through two numerical simulations.

Introduction: Extended-spectrum Beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing enterobacteriaceae are of escalating concern in today's antibiotic era especially in neonatal sepsis. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of ESBL producing E.coli and Klebsiella species in neonatal sepsis. Material and Methods: This cross sectional study included 382 samples with signs and symptoms of neonatal sepsis. Blood cultures were done and the isolates were identified using standard biochemical tests and antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by Kirby Bauer method. Betalactamase productions of the isolates were tested by combined disc diffusion test. Results: Out of 382 samples, 124 (32.46%) samples [males were n=78/227 (34.36%) and 46/155 (29.67%) in females] were culture positive. The culture positivity among the Early Onset Neonatal Sepsis and Late Onset Neonatal Sepsis cases were 47.38% (n=59/124) and 52.42% (n=65/124).; The most common risk associated factors were premature birth, low birth weight, caesarian section etc among EONS and Low birth weight, premature birth, invasive procedures etc among LONS. Among the etiological agents, Staphylococcus aureus (n=24/47) (51.06%) and Coagulase negative Staphylococci (CoNS) (n=14/47) (29.79%) were most frequently isolated among Gram positive and Escherichia coli (n=30/73) (41.09%) followed by Klebsiella species (n=23/73) (31.51%) among the Gram negative isolates. ESBL production was seen in n=24/53 (45.28%) isolates [Escherichia coli n=13 (54.17%) and Klebsiella species n=11 (45.83%)]. Colistin and Imipenem are the most sensitive antibiotics for Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species. Conclusion: High prevalence of ESBL producing E.coli and Klebsiella species was recorded among neonatal septicaemic cases. Testing of ESBL should be regularly done to formulate the empirical therapy based on region.

In this paper, we mainly aim to compute the optimal inventory in the phase wise supply chain for queued customers in the interval of lower and upper bounds with particular life of the items. Important performance measures such as total optimal cost of the system and total expected delivery have also been computed by applying the dynamic programming and Drichlet theorem. Finally, numerical demonstration and sensitivity analysis have also been presented to gain the better perspective of the model.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the efficacy of 3 rd generation quaternary ammonium compounds and formaldehyde for fumigation of operation theatres. Materials and Methods: Fumigation and fogging of operation theatres by formaldehyde and 3 rd generation quaternary ammonium compounds respectively were done by standard procedures. A total of 144 samples (swabs as well as open plates) each were collected prior and after fumigation by formaldehyde during the 1 st half (October-November 2012) and 144 samples prior and after spray fogging by 3 rd generation quaternary ammonium compounds in 2 nd half (December-January 2013) of the study. The samples were then cultured onto 5% defibrinated sheep blood agar and Mac Conkey agar and identification of the isolates were done following standard bacteriological techniques. Results: Reduction in the number of pathogens before and after disinfection by formaldehyde was 70.83 % (n=102) to 19.44% (n=28). In contrast, the reduction in bacterial growth prior and after fogging by 3 rd generation quaternary ammonium compounds was from 74.3% (n=107) to 13.88 % (n=20). Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were the prevalent organisms isolated from all the samples. Formaldehyde based fumigation, although widely used in health care settings, may not be as good disinfectants as newer formulations like 3 rd generation quaternary ammonium compounds not because of its less effectiveness but keeping in view its toxic effect and carcinogenicity. Conclusion: Newer quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) formulations can be used in health care settings for disinfection of operation theatres instead of the relatively toxic and carcinogenic formaldehyde.