IntrOductIOnProstatitis is a frequent urologic condition that many urologists find difficult to treat efficiently. It has been estimated that up to half of all men suffer from symptoms of prostatitis at some time in their lifetime [1]. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) is characterized by progressive enlargement of the prostate [2]; it is a non malignant neoplastic process secondary to increased cellular growth. BPH is one of the most common causes of Lower Urinary Tract symptoms (LUTS) [3]. LUTS correspond to a group of persistent urinary symptoms that occurs among 15% to 60% of men who are older than 40 years of age [4,5]. About half of the male population over the age of 50 can be diagnosed with histological BPH, and this prevalence increases with age to about 90% over the age of 80 [6]. As the lumen of the prostatic urethra get disturbed by fibroadenomatous enlargement in the periurethral region of the prostate, the outflow of urine is obstructed this results in an incomplete voiding of urine from bladder causing stasis and may incline the chances of infection [7]. The symptoms related to BPH is like lower urinary tract symptoms such as difficulty starting urination, a frequent need to urinate, difficulty in fully emptying the bladder, straining and dribbling [8].Bladder Outlet Obstruction (BOO) secondary to BPH is partly due to chronic urinary retention, renal insufficiency which leads to complications like recurrent urinary tract infections, gross haematuria, and formation of bladder calculi, kidney stones and kidney failure [9].The epidemiology of BPH and prostatitis showing male LUTS has evolved considerably in the recent past [10]. Therefore the bacterial aetiology of LUTS in the patients of BPH and/or prostatitis should be studied extensively which will help the clinicians in proper management of the condition and thus, can curb the danger of the complications associated with it.
MAtErIALS And MEtHOdSThe cross-sectional study was carried out in the Department of Microbiology from June 2014 to May 2015. The inclusion criteria included: 1) Male patients who were suspected (signs and symptoms) of LUTS were included in the study; 2) The age range of the patient included > 40 years; 3) Patients with BPH and/or Prostatitis confirmed by radiological examination, semen culture and Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) test. The Exclusion criteria included: 1) Females were not included in this study; 2) The patients aging < 40 years; 3) Patients that were on antibiotics within last 48 hours. The study was carried out after the due ethical clearance by institutional ethical committee.
In this work, the result of reachable set bounding and extended dissipative control synthesis of the Markovian jump time-delayed system is studied subject to stochastic actuator failures and partially known transition probabilities. Specifically, a novel actuator fault model is designed, in which the actuator fault matrix satisfies a certain probabilistic condition. Under the construction of an appropriate Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional (LKF), as well as reciprocal convex approach, Jensen’s integral inequality, and reachable set lemma, delay-dependent sufficient criteria are obtained in terms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) for finding an ellipsoid to bound the reachable sets of the Markovian jump time-delayed system with bounded disturbances. Finally, two numerical examples are provided to validate the effectiveness of the proposed strategy.
We investigate robust fault-tolerant control pertaining to Takagi–Sugeno (TS) fuzzy nonlinear systems with bounded disturbances, actuator failures, and time delays. A new fault model based on a sampled-data scheme that is able to satisfy certain criteria in relation to actuator fault matrix is introduced. Specifically, we formulate a reliable controller with state feedback, such that the resulting closed-loop-fuzzy system is robust, asymptotically stable, and able to satisfy a prescribed H∞ performance constraint. Linear matrix inequality (LMI) together with a proper construction of the Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional is leveraged to derive delay-dependent sufficient conditions with respect to the existence of robust H∞ controller. It is straightforward to obtain the solution by using the MATLAB LMI toolbox. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the control law and less conservativeness of the results through two numerical simulations.
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