Bacteriological Profile of Isolates From Urine Samples in Patients of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and or Prostatitis Showing Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms

Abstract

IntrOductIOnProstatitis is a frequent urologic condition that many urologists find difficult to treat efficiently. It has been estimated that up to half of all men suffer from symptoms of prostatitis at some time in their lifetime [1]. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) is characterized by progressive enlargement of the prostate [2]; it is a non malignant neoplastic process secondary to increased cellular growth. BPH is one of the most common causes of Lower Urinary Tract symptoms (LUTS) [3]. LUTS correspond to a group of persistent urinary symptoms that occurs among 15% to 60% of men who are older than 40 years of age [4,5]. About half of the male population over the age of 50 can be diagnosed with histological BPH, and this prevalence increases with age to about 90% over the age of 80 [6]. As the lumen of the prostatic urethra get disturbed by fibroadenomatous enlargement in the periurethral region of the prostate, the outflow of urine is obstructed this results in an incomplete voiding of urine from bladder causing stasis and may incline the chances of infection [7]. The symptoms related to BPH is like lower urinary tract symptoms such as difficulty starting urination, a frequent need to urinate, difficulty in fully emptying the bladder, straining and dribbling [8].Bladder Outlet Obstruction (BOO) secondary to BPH is partly due to chronic urinary retention, renal insufficiency which leads to complications like recurrent urinary tract infections, gross haematuria, and formation of bladder calculi, kidney stones and kidney failure [9].The epidemiology of BPH and prostatitis showing male LUTS has evolved considerably in the recent past [10]. Therefore the bacterial aetiology of LUTS in the patients of BPH and/or prostatitis should be studied extensively which will help the clinicians in proper management of the condition and thus, can curb the danger of the complications associated with it. MAtErIALS And MEtHOdSThe cross-sectional study was carried out in the Department of Microbiology from June 2014 to May 2015. The inclusion criteria included: 1) Male patients who were suspected (signs and symptoms) of LUTS were included in the study; 2) The age range of the patient included > 40 years; 3) Patients with BPH and/or Prostatitis confirmed by radiological examination, semen culture and Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) test. The Exclusion criteria included: 1) Females were not included in this study; 2) The patients aging < 40 years; 3) Patients that were on antibiotics within last 48 hours. The study was carried out after the due ethical clearance by institutional ethical committee.

Screening for chronic prostatitis pathogens using high‐throughput next‐generation sequencing

“…(28.8%), S. aureus (16.7%), P. aeruginosa (10.6%), Proteus spp., Enterococcus spp., Acinetobacter spp., and Citrobacter spp. Based on these results, E. coli and Klebsiella were the main pathogens among Gram‐negative bacteria, and S. aureus was the main pathogen among Gram‐positive bacteria 14 . We found in the present study that most of the above‐mentioned microorganisms were detected in the urethral secretions of healthy subjects.…”

“…were the main pathogens among Gram-negative bacteria, and S. aureus was the main pathogen among Gram-positive bacteria. 14 We found in the present study that most of the above-mentioned microorganisms were detected in the urethral secretions of healthy subjects. Therefore, they are not true pathogens of BPH and CP.…”

“…Delcaru et al 13 found that uropathogenic E. coli was the most frequent bacterial strain isolated from patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), followed by Enterococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Klebsiella spp., Proteus spp., P. aeruginosa , and Serratia marcescens . Mishra et al 14 isolated 66 strains of pathogenic bacteria from urine cultures of patients with BPH and CP, and the eight most frequently detected were E. coli (31.8%), Klebsiella spp. (28.8%), S. aureus (16.7%), P. aeruginosa (10.6%), Proteus spp., Enterococcus spp., Acinetobacter spp., and Citrobacter spp.…”

Phenolic Content and Antimicrobial and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Solidago virga-aurea, Phyllanthus niruri, Epilobium angustifolium, Peumus boldus, and Ononis spinosa Extracts

“…Although the water solubility of plant secondary metabolites could be limited, previous studies of ours suggested the use of microwave-and ultrasound-assisted methods for improving phenol extraction that was paralleled by increased anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial effects [16,24,25]. In the present study, the extracts' antimicrobial activity was tested against bacterial (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus cereus) and fungi strains (Candida albicans, C. tropicalis) involved in prostatitis and LUTS [2,3,[26][27][28]. Additionally, anti-mycotic activities were also tested against multiple species of dermatophytes (Trichophyton rubrum, T. tonsurans, T. erinacei, Arthroderma crocatum, A. quadrifidum, A. gypseum, A. Currey, and A. insingulare).…”

Prevalence of Community Acquired Uropathogens and their Antimicrobial Susceptibility in Patients from the Urology Unit of A Tertiary Care Medical Center

“…In Urology Outpatient clinics, we see lot of patients with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) which refers to a group of symptoms like frequency, urgency, hesitancy, dribbling, poor flow of urine and straining at urination 5 . These symptoms start developing in 5 th decade of life with higher prevalence in males than females 6,7 .…”