Background:Survey on the prevalence of various intestinal parasitic infestations in different geographic regions is a prerequisite to obtain an accurate understanding of the burden and cause of intestinal parasitic infestations in a particular area. The aim of the present study was to determine the intestinal parasitic infestation among children in a semi-urban area.Materials and Methods: A total of 335 stool samples were collected, processed, and microscopically examined for intestinal parasites.Results:One hundred twenty-eight (38%) stool samples showed presence of ova/cysts. Multiple parasites were seen in 42 (32.8%) samples. Among the protozoans, Entamoeba histolytica (55.3%) was the most common followed by Giardia lamblia (40.4%). Ascaris lumbricoides and Hymenolepis nana (24.2%) were the most common helminths detected.Conclusions:In most of the cases, intestinal parasitic infestation spreads due to low standards of personal hygiene, poor sanitation, non-usage of toilets and an illiterate population, thus suggesting regular surveys to help in devising optimum methods of control.

The aim of the study was to comparatively evaluate the antibacterial activity of six Indian plant extracts and 0.2% chlorhexidine against clinical strains of Streptococcus mutans, which were isolated from the plaque samples of 45 pediatric patients. Six plant extracts were prepared in three different forms, namely aqueous extracts, organic solvent-based extracts and crude (raw) extracts. The antimicrobial sensitivity testing was done by agar well diffusion method. Antimicrobial activity of the extracts was determined by measuring the mean zones of inhibition (mm) produced against the bacterial isolates. Results showed that crude garlic extract exhibited greater antibacterial activity than chlorhexidine. Aqueous extract of amla and organic solvent-based extract of ginger showed the maximum antibacterial activity against S. mutans, whereas aqueous extract of tulsi and organic solvent based extract of amla showed the minimum antibacterial activity. This study suggests that plant extracts like garlic in crude form, amla as aqueous infusion and ginger as alcoholic tincture have potential for the control of S. mutans. These extracts can be used as an alternative remedy for dental caries prevention or in the form of mouthwash, which is safe and economical.

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Aim:The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of scaling and root planing (SRP) alone versus tetracycline fiber therapy used adjunctively with SRP in the treatment of chronic periodontitis sites in maintenance patients.Materials and Methods:A total of 30 patients with a diagnosis of chronic periodontitis (60 localized chronic periodontitis sites) in the age group of 35 to 55 were selected. None of these patients had received any surgical or non-surgical periodontal therapy and had sites of periodontal pockets measuring 4—7 mm clinically and demonstrated radiographic evidence of moderate bone loss. Two non-adjacent sites in separate quadrants were selected in each patient for monitoring based on criteria that the sites had localized chronic periodontitis. Plaque index (PI) (sillness and loe) and Gingival-bleeding index (GI) (loe and sillness) were measured at baseline and 15th, 30th, 60th, and 90thday. Clinical pocket depth (PD) and microbial analysis (MA) were analyzed at baseline and 90th day.Results:At 0 and 3 months adjunctive tetracycline fiber therapy was significantly better in reducing PI, GBI, (P<0.001) than S and RP alone. In comparison, the reduction in the PD was non-significant at 0 and 3 months (P<0.001). The microbial analysis showed significant reduction in Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia though there was no significant reduction in the Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans.Conclusion:Overall, these results indicate that fiber therapy significantly enhanced the effectiveness of SRP in the management of chronic periodontitis.

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Introduction: Extended-spectrum Beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing enterobacteriaceae are of escalating concern in today's antibiotic era especially in neonatal sepsis. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of ESBL producing E.coli and Klebsiella species in neonatal sepsis. Material and Methods: This cross sectional study included 382 samples with signs and symptoms of neonatal sepsis. Blood cultures were done and the isolates were identified using standard biochemical tests and antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by Kirby Bauer method. Betalactamase productions of the isolates were tested by combined disc diffusion test. Results: Out of 382 samples, 124 (32.46%) samples [males were n=78/227 (34.36%) and 46/155 (29.67%) in females] were culture positive. The culture positivity among the Early Onset Neonatal Sepsis and Late Onset Neonatal Sepsis cases were 47.38% (n=59/124) and 52.42% (n=65/124).; The most common risk associated factors were premature birth, low birth weight, caesarian section etc among EONS and Low birth weight, premature birth, invasive procedures etc among LONS. Among the etiological agents, Staphylococcus aureus (n=24/47) (51.06%) and Coagulase negative Staphylococci (CoNS) (n=14/47) (29.79%) were most frequently isolated among Gram positive and Escherichia coli (n=30/73) (41.09%) followed by Klebsiella species (n=23/73) (31.51%) among the Gram negative isolates. ESBL production was seen in n=24/53 (45.28%) isolates [Escherichia coli n=13 (54.17%) and Klebsiella species n=11 (45.83%)]. Colistin and Imipenem are the most sensitive antibiotics for Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species. Conclusion: High prevalence of ESBL producing E.coli and Klebsiella species was recorded among neonatal septicaemic cases. Testing of ESBL should be regularly done to formulate the empirical therapy based on region.

The drug resistance among the gram negative bacteria is present as a serious global problem. ESBLs and MBLs are the important members of beta-lactamases produced mainly by gram negative bacteria and are responsible for mediating resistance to extendedspectrum cephalosporins and carbapenem. These enzymes are commonly detected in the members of the Enterobacteriaceae like Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli. A cross-sectional study was conducted at Department of Microbiology, Santosh Medical College & Hospital Ghaziabad by using K. pneumoniae isolated from sputum samples. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique. ESBL and MBL production were detected by using phenotypic methods. Out of the 200 sputum samples, 72 samples were confirmed and identified as K. pneumoniae. Out of total 72 isolates, 48 (66.6%) were found to be resistant to Ceftazidime, Ceftriaxone, Cefotaxime and 24 (33%) isolates were found to be ESBL producers. On the other hand 40 (55.5%) isolates were found to be resistant to imipenem and 16 (22.2%) isolates were found to be MBL producers.