Many physical activities, from traditional games to emerging practices, have been and still are confronted with the 'sportification' process. Sports historians and sociologists have produced numerous isolated monographs to try and comprehend this development.Through the compared analysis of three activities -break-dancing, spelaeology and mixed martial arts -this study prolongs the modelling effort initiated by Renson to understand the fundamental elements which simultaneously encourage and slow down this process. It shows that this conflict crystallises around the degree of standardisation of a practice and its institutional recognition. To protect the original identity of these activities, their sportification process cannot be completed.

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Background In the context of the ageing of the French population, physical activity becomes a principal means for maintaining good health. International organisations are thus giving increasing importance to physical activity in programmes of disease-prevention. In parallel with these concerns, studies have shown the impact of sedentary activities (in particularly as a result of the seated position and screen time) on health. Objective To show the links between physical activity, sedentarism and health indicators and to identify the socio-demographic variables by which they are influenced (particularly gender). Study design This is a transversal epidemiological study conducted among the French population between 2014 and 2016 by Santé publique France, the national public health agency. Methods The RPAQ (Recent Physical Activity Questionnaire) was used to measure the physical activity and sedentary lifestyle of individuals. The analyses focus on the behaviours among the population of older adults (55–74 years old, n = 1155). Results A third of French older adults does not meet the WHO recommended physical activity levels, particularly so among women. The results of this survey point to significant links between health indicators (especially overweight and obesity) and the physical activity level and sedentarity of older adults. From the age of 60, energy expenditure linked to physical activity increases before decreasing from the age of 65. Older adults spend almost 6 hours per day in sedentary activities. The combinations between physical activity and sedentarism highlight four profiles of older adults. The most active profile is the one with the best health indicators. Conclusion The links between health, sedentarity and physical activity are unequivocal: people who achieve the WHO recommendations for physical activity and spend less than 7 hours each day in sedentary activities are those who also have the best health indicators. These results vary with sociographic characteristics and reveal significant links with health indicators.

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Pierre-Olaf Schut: E. A. Martel, popotnik, ki je skoraj postal član Akademije Edouard-Alfred Martel je živel v Parizu. Tako kot njegov oče je študiral pravo. Ta družbeni položaj, očetova dediščina, ni mogel izpolniti njegovih želja po slavi na polju znanosti, za katero je sodil, da je vir napredka človeštva. Zelo rad je potoval in ta popotovanja so bila zadoščenje njegovim željam in so visoko presegala njegovo pariško advokatsko prakso. Skoraj po naključju je naletel na, kar je sam kmalu uzakonil kot novo vejo naravoslovnih znanosti-speleologijo, to je preučevanje naravnih podzemeljskih jam. Ali se bo Martel, popotnik z visokimi cilji, uspel odlikovati tudi v znanosti? Biografija tega moža, podprta z analizo njegovih del in njegovega dopisovanja, prikazuje življenjsko pot turista, ki je želel biti priznan kot znanstvenik. Biografija prikazuje pot tega »samouka«, ki se je od anonimnega člana francoskega planinskega društva (Club Alpin français) povzpel do kandidata za Akademijo znanosti, to je prav v najvišje znanstvene kroge. Prikazana je tudi razlika, ki jo je ta znani mož ustvaril med turističnimi izleti in raziskovanjem v znanstvene namene.

International audienceDie Verbindungen zwischen Tourismus und Sport bei den Olympischen Spielen 1924Der Touring-Club de France (TCF) ist ein wichtiger Tourismusverband, der Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts gegründet wurde. Er war an zahlreichen Initiativen zur Entwicklung des Tourismus in Frankreich beteiligt. Dabei hat auch der Sport von seiner Unterstützung profitiert. 1921 bereitete sich Frankreich darauf vor, die Olympischen Spiele auszurichten, die eine große Zahl von Zuschauern anziehen sollten. Ziel dieses Artikels ist es die Verbindung zwischen dem TCF und dem Organisationskomitee zu analysieren, um zu verstehen, in welchem Maße der TCF diese Sportveranstaltung unterstützt hat. Die Quellen, um diese Arbeit zu realisieren, stammen aus den Archiven des CNOSF, des IOC und des TCF. Die Ergebnisse, die auf eine eingeschränkte Kollaboration schließen lassen, werfen die Frage der Bedeutung des sportlichen Spektakels für den Tourismus in den 1920er Jahren auf.Le Touring-Club de France (TCF) est une importante association de tourisme créée à la fin du XIXe siècle. Il se distingue pour avoir accompagné de nombreuses initiatives en faveur du développement touristique en France. Parmi celles-ci, certaines activités sportives ont bénéficié de son soutien. En 1921, la France se prépare à accueillir les Jeux olympiques qui doivent attirer un grand nombre de spectateurs. L’objet de cet article est d’analyser les relations entre le TCF et le comité exécutif chargé de l’organisation des épreuves pour comprendre dans quelle mesure le TCF a soutenu cet événement sportif. Pour réaliser ce travail, les sources utilisées sont essentiellement issues des archives du CNOSF, du CIO et du TCF. Les résultats qui révèlent un degré de collaboration limité nous amènent à nous questionner sur l’intérêt du spectacle sportif pour le tourisme dans les années 1920

International audienceTourism and sport are two phenomena that rapidly expanded at the end of the nineteenth century. The latter is often viewed as a service in a system structured by the former, in the way tennis courts or golf courses are established near hotel facilities. Yet, the development of outdoor sports reveals that a tourist territory can be defined by its sports function. Through the example of mountaineering in the French Pelvoux massif, we are going to show that a physical activity may have a major role in determining tourist territories and the local economic growth. This research paper investigates, chronologically and geographically, the expansion of mountaineering in the Pelvoux massif and its spin-off effects on touristic amenities, especially in the development of hotel services, town-and-country planning and communications. This demonstration is based on archives from several alpine societies - the French Alpine Club, the Society of Dauphine ́ Tourists and the Touring Club de France - as well as on monographs published by mountaineers