The efficiency of chemical intercommunication between enzymes in natural networks can be significantly enhanced by the organized catalytic cascades. Nevertheless, the exploration of two-or-more-enzymes-engineered nanoreactors for catalytic cascades remains a great challenge in cancer therapy because of the inherent drawbacks of natural enzymes. Here, encouraged by the catalytic activity of the individual nanozyme for benefiting the treatment of solid tumors, we propose an organized in situ catalytic cascades-enhanced synergistic therapeutic strategy driven by dual-nanozymes-engineered porphyrin metal–organic frameworks (PCN). Precisely, catalase-mimicking platinum nanoparticles (Pt NPs) were sandwiched by PCN, followed by embedding glucose oxidase-mimicking ultrasmall gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) within the outer shell, and further coordination with folic acid (P@Pt@P–Au–FA). The Pt NPs effectively enabled tumor hypoxia relief by catalyzing the intratumoral H2O2 to O2 for (1) enhancing the O2-dependent photodynamic therapy and (2) subsequently accelerating the depletion of β-d-glucose by Au NPs for synergistic starving-like therapy with the self-produced H2O2 as the substrate for Pt NPs. Consequently, a remarkably strengthened antitumor efficiency with prevention of tumor recurrence and metastasis was achieved. This work highlights a rationally designed tumor microenvironment-specific nanoreactor for opening improved research in nanozymes and provides a means to design a catalytic cascade model for practical applications.

Self-assembling 2D organic biomaterials exhibit versatile abilities for structural and functional tailoring, as well as high potential for biomedical applications.

Diseases caused by bacterial infections, especially drug-resistant bacteria have seriously threatened human health throughout the world. It has been predicted that antimicrobial resistance alone will cause 10 million deaths per year and that early diagnosis and therapy will efficiently decrease the mortality rate caused by bacterial infections. Considering this severity, it is urgent to develop effective methods for the early detection, prevention and treatment of these infections. Until now, numerous efforts based on nanoparticles have been made to detect and kill pathogenic bacteria. Iron oxide-based magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), as potential platforms for bacteria detection and therapy, have drawn great attention owing to their magnetic property. These MNPs have also been broadly used as bioimaging contrast agents and drug delivery and magnetic hyperthermia agents to diagnose and treat bacterial infections. This review therefore overviews the recent progress on MNPs for bacterial detection and therapy, including bacterial separation and enrichment in vitro , bacterial infection imaging in vivo , and their therapeutic activities on pathogenic bacteria. Furthermore, some bacterial-specific targeting agents, used to selectively target the pathogenic bacteria, are also introduced. In addition, the challenges and future perspective of MNPs for bacterial diagnosis and therapy are given at the end of this review. It is expected that this review will provide a better understanding toward the applications of MNPs in the detection and therapy of bacterial infections.

AuroShell nanoparticles (sealed gold nanoshell on silica) are the only inorganic materials that are approved for clinical trial for photothermal ablation of solid tumors. Based on that, porous gold nanoshell structures are thus critical for cancer multiple theranostics in the future owing to their inherent cargo-loading ability. Nevertheless, adjusting the diverse experimental parameters of the reported procedures to obtain porous gold nanoshell structures is challenging. Herein, a series of amino-functionalized porous metal-organic frameworks (NH -MOFs) nanoparticles are uncovered as superior templates for porous gold nanoshell deposition (NH -MOFs@Au ) by means of a more facile and general one-step method, which combines the enriched functionalities of NH -MOFs with those of porous gold nanoshells. Moreover, in order to illustrate the promising applications of this method in biomedicine, platinum nanozymes-encapsulated NH -MOFs are further designed with porous gold nanoshell coating and photosensitizer chlorin e6 (Ce6)-loaded nanoparticles with continuous O -evolving ability (Pt@UiO-66-NH @Au -Ce6). The combination of photodynamic and photothermal therapy is then carried out both in vitro and in vivo, achieving excellent synergistic therapeutic outcomes. Therefore, this work not only presents a facile strategy to fabricate functionalized porous gold nanoshell structures, but also illustrates an excellent synergistic tumor therapy strategy.

Bacterial infections in wounds often delay the healing process, and may seriously threaten human life. It is urgent to develop wound dressings to effectively detect and treat bacterial infections. Nanoparticles have been extensively used in wound dressings because of their specific properties. This review highlights the recent progress on nanoparticle-based wound dressings for bacterial detection and therapy. Specifically, nanoparticles have been applied as intrinsic antibacterial agents or drug delivery vehicles to treat bacteria in wounds. Moreover, nanoparticles with photothermal or photodynamic property have also been explored to endow wound dressings with significant optical properties to further enhance their bactericidal effect. More interestingly, nanoparticle-based smart dressings have been recently explored for bacteria detection and treatment, which enables an accurate assessment of bacterial infection and a more precise control of on-demand therapy.

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Improving photo-induced charge transfer (PICT) efficiency is the key factor for boosting surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) performance of semiconductor nanomaterials. Introducing plentiful surface defect states in porous ZnO nanosheets (d-ZnO...