The object of this study is a functional fruit-and-berry paste for health purposes with the selection of components (apples, Ziziphus jujuba, blueberries), which are sources of dietary fiber, vitamin C, low molecular weight polyphenolic compounds and phytosterols, which are used as an immunostimulant to create products with cholesterol-lowering effect. The task to increase the content of these substances is solved by concentrating in a rotary film evaporator (RFE) under mild regime parameters (60...65 °C) to a dry matter (DM) content of 30...32 % for 45...50 s and by the pasteurization of concentrated paste in a scraper heat exchanger (SHE) at a temperature of 95...98 °C followed by packing. The effective viscosity (Pa·s) of the mixtures of the original purees (DM 16...17 %) and resulting pastes (30...32 %) has been determined and its increase was found in the pastes compared to puree, by 1.65...1.85 times. The obtained data indicate a strengthening of the structure of the resulting functional paste, which, compared to control, has an effective viscosity of 3.6 times more. A significant advantage has a paste containing 45 % of apple; 35 % of Ziziphus jujuba; 20 % of blueberries. It is characterized by an enhanced content of dietary fiber, by 3.8 times; vitamin C, by 2.25 times; low-molecular polyphenolic compounds and tannins, phytosterols. Therefore, it can be used as an immunostimulant to manufacture products with cholesterol-lowering effect. It was established that in order to effectively conduct the process of concentration in RFE and subsequent pasteurization in SHE, it is rational to grind puree to a particle size within 0.1...0.5 mm. The heat transfer coefficient when concentrating samples with a particle size of 0.5 mm has a higher rate, by 6 %, compared to the sample with a particle size of 1.5 mm. The technology could be introduced at the enterprises of the canning and confectionery industries
Trichostrongylus tenuis Mehlin, 1846 is a helminth species that parasitizes in the gastrointestinal tract of birds and causes trichostrongylosis. Research on the differential features of the pathogen at various stages of development facilitates timely finding of the foci of infection and providing recommendations for prevention and control. In the present study, the differential species traits of male and female Trichostrongylus nematodes parasitizing in the domestic goose were examined. The nematodes were obtained in helminthological dissection of the intestine of birds kept at farms and private households in Poltava region, Ukraine. It was revealed that the morphological features of T. tenuis females that should be considered in species identification include the structural specifics of the reproductive system and the tail end. 22 metric parameters were suggested for species identification, including the female body measurements for different parts, specifics of vulva and anus location, sizes of the ovijector, sphincter, ejector and vulval area. Differences were found in the metric parameters of the lateral crests of the cuticle in female nematodes in relation to the position of crests on the parasite’s bodies. The cuticular crests were absent at 0.1 mm from the head and tail ends, and the length of crests was 9.3 mm in total. The longest and widest crests were observed in the middle of the body, the shortest were found in the anus area, and the narrowest crests were from the anterior part of esophagus to its middle. The distance between crests varied 0.2–3.0 μm, the longest at the transition of esophagus into the intestine and the shortest in area between the vulva and the anus. The metric parameters of T. tenuis eggs obtained from bird feces and in the nematode uterus differed significantly by 5 characters. The collected data on the morphological and metric parameters of females and eggs of T. tenuis can be used in species identification and understanding of the taxonomic position of that species.
Sheep diseases of invasive and non-invasive etiology are among the restrictive factors for Ukrainian sheep-breeding. The helminthiases are among the most widespread parasitical diseases, and particularly strongyloidiasis causes significant losses for sheep farms in cases of severe course. Young sheep are the most susceptible, showing growth and developmental lag, and death occurs in cases of high invasiveness due to severe pathologies induced by the parasites. Thus the aim of the present work was to study the morphological and histological changes in the intestine, lungs and liver of sheep with strongyloidiasis. Results of pathoanatomy showed that under spontaneous sheep strongyloidiasis with the intensity of the invasion from 50 to 136 specimens of nematodes, the main pathological changes occur at Strongyloides localization sites: intestine and parenchymatous organs (lungs and liver). Particularly, the small intestine showed catarrhal desquamative enteritis. Morphological changes of its mucosa demonstrated necrosis of the apical part of the villi, desquamation of epithelium, constriction and decrease of intestinal crypts. At the same time, massive diffusive cell infiltrates were detected in the intestinal mucosa lamina propria with the prevalence of eosinophilic leukocytes, inflammatory thickening of villi cylindrical epithelium and its mucous metamorphosis, pyknosis and lysis of enterocyte nuclei. In the large intestine, necrosis of the mucosa was detected, with edema, effusion of serum-cell exudate in its canal, diffusive infiltration of lymphocytes, eosinophils and plasma cells in the intestinal mucosa lamina propria. Lung tissue demonstrated parasite larvae localized in canals of the bronchi and in alveoli. These sites had diffusive hemorrhages in lung parenchyma, signs of inflammation and thickening of interstitial tissue caused by damage to vessel walls due to migration of parasite larvae. Histological changes in the liver of sheep with strongyloidiasis showed the development of granular dystrophy and necrotic changes in hepatocytes.
Determination of chlorophyll and carotenoid content is an important way of obtaining information about the plant's photosynthetic activity as well as an indirect method of assessing the productivity of plant crops, particularly grain crops. The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of chlorophyll and carotenoid in the productivity formation of emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccum (Schrank.) Schuebl) grown under the traditional and organic farming systems and the different pre-sowing seed treatment methods. The base indicators of the photosynthetic apparatus (chlorophyll and carotenoid content, ratio of photosynthetic pigments) were evaluated in the emmer wheat plants as a function of the cultivation technology and pre-sowing seed treatment. The cultivation of the emmer wheat under organic technology was carried out in crop rotation: winter rye – mustard – T. dicoccum wheat. The pre-sowing seed treatment in the traditional technology of emmer wheat cultivation was carried out only by the UV-C irradiation. In the organic technology, both UV-C irradiation and treatment with humic preparation of natural origin “1r Seed Treatment” were used. The content of chlorophyll a (by 9.2%) and chlorophyll b (by 14.5%) increased in the emmer wheat plants under the organic technology cultivation compared to the traditional technology, but with the same method of seed treatment (UV-C irradiation). As a result, the yield increase was 21.0%. The application of the “1r Seed Treatment” humic preparation in the pre-sowing seed treatment led to the increase in yield by ~ 8.0% compared to the plots with UV-C irradiation seeds treatment under organic farming cultivation. An inverse correlation between the ratio of chlorophyll a/ chlorophyll b and the crop yield has been established. The evaluation of economic indicators of the emmer wheat cultivation in the rotation: winter rye-mustard-emmer wheat under organic farming technology, proved its high profitability. So, the photosynthetic pigments’ content and their ratio can be used as the indicators of the efficiency of the introduced elements of agrotechnologies and for predicting future yields.
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