Abstract. The number of patients with diabetes increases annually. Modern forecasts predict that diabetes will be the seventh leading cause of death in 2030. Despite many significant advances in the research of diabetes and the use of new modern treatments, the disease is still progressing, and it is necessary to continue to study the effects of diabetes on human systems and organs: kidney and myocardium. Methods. A total of 24 rats of reproductive age (6 months old) were involved in this experimental study. Experimental rats were injected with alloxan intraperitoneally once at a dose of 20 mg/100 g on an empty stomach. In addition, they received a 10% glucose solution 24 hours after alloxan injection and a 5% glucose solution during the experiment. We measured glucose level with Accu-Chek Advantage (Boehringer, Germany) after 2, 12, and 24 hours after alloxan injection, and then weekly. The subjects of the investigation were kidney and heart of the experimental (n=12) and control (n=12) animals for correct comparative analysis. Results. The average blood glucose level remained at 11 mmol/L ± 2 mmol/L. During the experimental period, the rats' weight gain, dilation of both ventricles and relative renal weight gain were determined. By the histological examination of the myocardium, we revealed polymorphic nuclei, perinuclear cytolysis, fragmentation, wavy-like deformation of cardiomyocytes, stromal and perivascular edema, uneven filling of blood vessels, and local fibrosis. Thinning of fibrous capsule and cortical layer, destruction of nephrons, and hemorrhages were detected in the kidney. Conclusions. Our study confirms the robustness of alloxan-induced hyperglycemia in rats. We came to this conclusion because the early changes in the kidneys and heart are explained by the development of microangiopathies, which is a typical feature of the pathogenesis of diabetes. With prolonged exposure to chronic hyperglycemia, structural disorders of vital organs are worsened. This experimental model could be used for conducting comprehensive research aimed to study the mechanisms of diabetes mellitus, the effects of hyperglycemia on organs and tissues, and correct the complications.
The purpose of this study was to determine serum zinc, iron, magnesium, copper, potassium, calcium, and sodium levels in acute rotavirus infection and convalescence period in children. Materials and methods. We examined 86 patients aged from 4 months to 5 years with clinical and laboratory signs of rotavirus infection. The I group-43 children with RVI in acute period. The II group-43 children with RVI in convalescence period. The control group included 14 healthy children at the same age. The content of macro-and microelements (zinc, iron, magnesium, copper, potassium, calcium and sodium) in blood serum was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Feces samples were used for Cito Test Rota (Pharmasco). Cito test was used for rotavirus antigen detection in feces. Statistical analysis was performed by Excel. Student's t-test was used to evaluate differences between study groups. Results. The acute period of the disease in children with rotavirus infection was characterized by a significant increase of copper in blood serum compared with the control group. At the same time, a significant decrease of iron, magnesium, zinc, potassium, calcium, sodium were determined in patients with rotavirus infection, compared with apparently healthy children. After standard treatment only the indicators of magnesium, potassium and sodium reached the same indices of control group children. Conclusions. The detected changes in the mineral status of patients with rotavirus infection suggest the need for treatment correction. Correction of micro-and macroelements imbalances in patients with rotavirus infection possibly should be aimed at the metallo-drugs inclusion in complex treatment as well as medicines which improve absorption of the latter in the intestine.
The article presents the results of the study on morphological rearrangements of structural changes in the rat pineal gland under the influence of heavy metal salts and correction with L-tocopherol during 30 days. General morphological and statistical research methods were used (histological, morphometric and statistic methods). The protective effect of L-tocopherol caused in the pineal gland a number of compensatory-adaptive processes aimed at neutralizing the stressor's impact on the organ. The 30days protective period of L-tocopherol is insufficient to completely neutralize the impact of heavy metals on the organ: the glial response was activated, vascular area increased, vascular wall permeability was impaired, edema was formed and the connective tissue component growth was taking place, indicating dysfunctional reorganization in the gland's secretory activity. The above morphological changes negatively affected the processes of hormones evacuation into the blood, the course of the general adaptation syndrome and the homeostasis restoration in the organ.
About 422 million people in the world suffer from diabetes mellitus. Among diseases, diabetes ranks third, and among endocrine disorders, it ranks first. Some issues concerning the pathogenesis of this disease are unclear. The main reason for diabetes damage is high blood glucose levels. Hyperglycaemia has a toxic effect on the vessels of the kidneys. The present study aims to investigate the impact of alloxan-induced diabetes mellitus on the remodeling of the renal cortex. Materials and methods. We divided twenty-four mature white male rats into the control and experimental groups. We administered alloxan to experimental animals intraperitoneally at a single dose of 40 mg/kg. Blood glucose levels were measured 2, 12, and 24 hours after injection of alloxan and then weekly. The average glucose level remained 11.0 ± 2.0 mmol/l. Animals were sacrificed on days 14, 21, and 45. We stained histological preparations of kidneys with hematoxylin and eosin. The selected dose of alloxan and the method of its administration caused persistent hyperglycemia in rats and did not lead to their death. Results. On the 14th day, the diseased kidney had a thickening of the glomerular capillary walls. Nephrons had a spherical shape with a slightly uneven surface. On the 21st day of the observation, it was more difficult to distinguish the cortex from the medulla. On the 45th day, the distal tubules lost their usual shape, became thinner, and were difficult to distinguish from other tubules by histological preparation. The cortex became spongy due to cystic dilation of the tubules. Conclusions. All components of the renal cortex underwent daily changes. At the early stages of the experiment, it looked much denser compared to the cortical layer of the kidneys of animals in the control group. The number of subcapsular nephrons visually increased, and the renal capsule thickened. In the later period of the experiment, dilatation and blood fullness of glomerular capillary with their leukocyte infiltration were observed. In addition, there was a cystic expansion of the tubules, due to which the cortical layer of the kidney looked like a sponge.
Aim: The research paper presents the characteristic of cytoarchitectonics of the thymus of intact white mature male laboratory rats. Topicality of the study is due to the need to clarify the data on the contribution of each type of thymus cells in the formation of its structure. The aim of the research was to determine the specifics of localization and ultramicroscopic structure of thymus cells in male mature Wistar laboratory rats. Material and Methods: The study was conducted using histological and ultramicroscopic methods on 10 mature male laboratory rats, weighing 130-150 g. Semi-thin (0.5-1 μm) and ultrathin (0.05-0.2 μm) sections were made on a microtome UMTP-4 (Ukraine), which were stained with 1% methylene blue solution with the addition of 1% sodium tetraborate solution. Histological analysis and photographic recording were performed using Olympus light microscope (Japan) and DSM 510 camcorder with magnification in 1000 times. Results: With a detailed study of the semi-thin and ultrathin sections in the thymus lobules the specifics of localization and ultramicroscopic structure of thymus cells were clearly identified. The features of localization and ultramicroscopic structure of epithelial, mesenchymal, vascular and hematopoietic thymus cells were determined from the point of view of their functional loads and interactions. Conclusion: The described structural peculiarities of the components of the thymus and their relative location in different zones reflect significant organ polymorphism, which must be taken into account in order to achieve the required level of objectivity in the result evaluation of simulated biomedical experiments.
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