Background & Objective: The present study aimed to investigate the effects of propolis and melatonin supplementation on inflammation, clinical outcomes, and oxidative stress markers in patients with primary pneumosepsis. Materials and Methods: This pilot randomized controlled trial was conducted on 55 patients with primary pneumosepsis who were randomly assigned to the intervention and control groups. In the three intervention groups, the patients received propolis alone (1,000 mg/day), propolis (1,000 mg/day) plus melatonin (20 mg/day), and melatonin alone (20 mg/day). The control group received placebo. The inflammatory and oxidative stress markers as well as clinical outcomes were evaluated before and after the intervention, and the 28-day survival rate was also recorded. Results: After the intervention, the combination of propolis and melatonin significantly reduced interleukin-6 (-55.282 pg/ml ) and C-reactive protein (-21.656 mg/l ) levels, while increasing gavage intake (326.680 ml/day ) and improving some clinical outcomes (APACHE II, SOFA and NUTRIC scores) compared to control group. However, no significant difference was observed between the groups in terms of oxidative stress and hematological indices. In addition, the 28-day survival rate had no significant difference between the groups (P=0.07). Conclusion: Supplementation with propolis and melatonin may improve clinical outcomes by reducing inflammation. Further investigations are required to confirm these findings.

The precise interaction between the immune system and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2) is critical in deciphering the pathogenesis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) and is also vital for developing novel therapeutic tools, including monoclonal antibodies, antivirals drugs, and vaccines. Viral infections need innate and adaptive immune reactions since the various immune components, such as neutrophils, macrophages, CD4 + T, CD8 + T, and B lymphocytes, play different roles in various infections. Consequently, the characterization of innate and adaptive immune reactions toward SARS‐CoV‐2 is crucial for defining the pathogenicity of COVID‐19. In this study, we explain what is currently understood concerning the conventional immune reactions to SARS‐CoV‐2 infection to shed light on the protective and pathogenic role of immune response in this case. Also, in particular, we investigate the in‐depth roles of other immune mediators, including neutrophil elastase, serum amyloid A, and syndecan, in the immunopathogenesis of COVID‐19.

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Pomegranate peels are considered as solid agricultural residues that were used as adsorbent materials, very effective in get rid of brilliant yellow Dye from aqueous solution after converting it to Acid-Activated Carbon by phosphoric acid. The surface properties were studied through the use of (FTIR ) and (FESEM) techniques. Several factors affect the adsorption process have been studied like, effect of dye concentration (10-100 mg/L ), where the adsorption efficiency (Qe mg/g) increases with increasing dye concentration ( mg/g ) and weight effect (0.01-0.1 ), the adsorption efficiency(Qe mg/g) decreases with increasing surface weight. Desorption of the Brilliant yellow from the ACPP was studied utilizing several type of solvents (acetone 10% (v/v), methanol 10% (v/v), 0.1N HCl, 0.1 N NaOH,). The adsorption is found through the results that obeys the Friendlich isotherm because it depends on the value of (R2 ) and also the heterogeneous surfaces.