The precise interaction between the immune system and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2) is critical in deciphering the pathogenesis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) and is also vital for developing novel therapeutic tools, including monoclonal antibodies, antivirals drugs, and vaccines. Viral infections need innate and adaptive immune reactions since the various immune components, such as neutrophils, macrophages, CD4 + T, CD8 + T, and B lymphocytes, play different roles in various infections. Consequently, the characterization of innate and adaptive immune reactions toward SARS‐CoV‐2 is crucial for defining the pathogenicity of COVID‐19. In this study, we explain what is currently understood concerning the conventional immune reactions to SARS‐CoV‐2 infection to shed light on the protective and pathogenic role of immune response in this case. Also, in particular, we investigate the in‐depth roles of other immune mediators, including neutrophil elastase, serum amyloid A, and syndecan, in the immunopathogenesis of COVID‐19.

Background: Carcinoma of colon is one of the prevalence carcinoma in the world and it is the most important cause of death in Western countries. The disease process is multifactorial; with etiology include inflammatory conditions of the digestive tract, environmental liableness and genetic factors. Chemokine Ligand1 was share in several mechanisms such as inflammatory process, chemo attraction, and others. Objective: The current study was conducted to analyze gene expression level of chemokine ligand 1 in colonic carcinoma and to deliberate the participant of it as genetic factors in its evolving and prognosis. Material and method: Chemokine Ligand1 gene expression level was evaluated in formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded tissue blocks that is retrospectively collected from 40 patients (8 women and 32 men) with carcinoma, and 40 patients of normal colonic tissues as control specimen by using Real-Time PCR. Results: The expression of Chemokine ligand 1 gene were established as 12.4112 folds in carcinoma specimen in relation to control tissue (1.3492).  Chemokine ligand 1 genes were found to be over-expressed in advanced stage tumors and elderly patients. Conclusions: Chemokine ligand1 can be considered as a recent biomarker and the possibility to use it as therapeutic target in the treatment of colonic carcinoma.