Polysaccharides, as biological macromolecule-based platforms in skeletal muscle tissue engineering: a systematic review

Biological Macromolecule-Based Scaffolds for Urethra Reconstruction

“…Although biological macromolecules offer favorable biocompatibility, they may lack the intrinsic bioactivity necessary for stimulating a successful tissue repair following tissue injuries. Without appropriate bioactive cues, the scaffolds may not adequately promote cell attachment (particularly in case of polysaccharide-based scaffolds that lack cell recognition sites), proliferation, and differentiation, thereby limiting their effectiveness in UTE [ 15 , 16 , 191 ].…”

“…Precisely controlling scaffold properties, including porosity, mechanical strength, pore size, and degradation rate, can be challenging with biological macromolecule-based scaffolds, especially because of the batch-to-batch variations in biological macro molecules’ properties [ 15 , 192 , 193 ]. Tailoring these properties and ensuring the repeatability of the manufacturing process is crucial.…”

“…Despite being highly biocompatible, scaffolds that are only produced from these polymers have certain shortcomings. In the case of polysaccharides, one of the main challenges is the lack of cell adhesion moieties which can result in reduced tendency of cells towards these polymers [ 12 , 13 , 15 ]. Furthermore, they may not endure mechanical forces and undergo failure or collapse [ 16 ].…”