Open pit coal mining is a global problem, because mines occupy large areas that completely change the relief, dramatically affect ecosystems, as a result of which they lose most of their functions, and a significant part of the fertile soil degrades and becomes unsuitable for agricultural activities. In the presented work, the initial stage of soil formation was studied, the parameters of the granulometric composition of uneven-aged rocks of Donbas mine dumps, their nutritional regime, and the species composition of soil algae were studied. Samples were taken from three different-aged rock dumps of the mines: ˮSouth-Donbaska -3ˮ (rock storage for 40 years); ˮSouth-Donbaska -1ˮ (storage of rock for 52 years), ˮTrudovska №5 -bis (storage of rock for more than 100 years). The agrochemical parameters of the rock were determined in the samples: pH water , humus, nitrate nitrogen, mobile phosphorus, exchangeable potassium, particle size distribution. The determination of granulometric fractions of 0-20 cm layer of rock dumps of the mines shows, along with the age, a potential increase of the dump of fine fractions and a decrease in the fraction of stones from 83% in the dump of the South-Donbaska mine, and by 30 to 64.7% in the dump of the Trudovska No. 5-bis. The proportion of the clay fraction is not high in all dumps and it does not exceed 1%, but its appearance indicates the initial stage of a soil structure formation. Soil formation begins with the colonization of mineral rocks with soil algae. The species composition of soil algae, the quantitative accounting were determined by microscopy of a freshly selected soil sample and by cultural methods. Algae species were determined by determinants. In the rock dump, the structure of algal groups becomes more similar to, their structure in the background soils of the territory. The dominance of the representatives of Chlorophyta and Cyanophyta in the rock indicates the steppe process of soil formation. The data obtained contribute to the expansion of the ecological and biological understanding of the initial stages of the formation of soil cenoses.
Досліджено адаптивний потенціал Morus alba L. (шовковиці білої), яка росте в різних кварталах Національного дендропарку "Софіївка" НАН України. Відзначено, що за тривалістю періоду спокою Morus alba L. належить до групи рослин, які мають короткий період вимушеного спокою, що під дією факторів зовнішнього середовища переходить у вимушений тривалий. Встановлено, що в умовах стаціонарних досліджень Національного дендропарку "Софіївка" НАН України, що входить до території південної частини Правобережного Лісостепу України, Morus alba L. успішно переносить несприятливі умови осінньо-зимового періоду і має достатню морозо- та зимостійкість. Дослідження із визначення вмісту загальної води в листках М. alba L. показали поступове зменшення загальної вологи в листках впродовж вегетаційного періоду, що підтверджують природну здатність цієї рослини добре переносити несприятливі періоди тривалої посухи. Підтверджено приналежність Morus alba L. до рослин, не вибагливих до родючості ґрунту. Вони успішно зростають на різних за поживністю ґрунтах. Відзначено здатність досліджуваного виду задовільно рости за умов напівзатінку, незважаючи на її світловибагливість. Установлено вплив освітлення на процес формування генеративних бруньок та плодоношення цих деревних рослин – найбільше суплідь утворювалось у верхній частині крони, а найменше – в нижній. Вивчено вплив різних стимуляторів росту на процес укорінення зелених та здерев'янілих живців М. alba L. Встановлено, що найкращу регенераційну здатність проявляють здерев'янілі живці, заготовлені із пагонів базальної частини однорічних пагонів молодих рослин (до п'яти років), які не вступили у фазу плодоношення. Найкращу регенераційну здатність зелених живців M. alba L. зафіксовано під час заготівлі їх із базальної та медіальної частин пагонів поточного року. Серед досліджуваних стимуляторів росту найбільшу ефективність виявлено під час застосування препарату clonex. Найбільшу схожість отримано під час посіву насіння М. alba L. влітку на глибину ґрунту до 1,0 см, а зі збільшенням глибини загортання спостережено тенденцію до зменшення кількості пророслих сіянців. Адаптивний потенціал M. alba L., яка росте в умовах Національного дендропарку "Софіївка" НАН України, оцінено як високий.
Conclusions. Agrochemical parameters of gray podzolic soil for growing different bioenergy crops have been establishing. Under the condition of growing switchgrass since 2009, the metabolic acidity decreases from 6.90 to 6.60, hydrolytic increases from 2.01 to 2.11 resins/kg of soil, the amount of absorbed bases decreases from 10.7 to 9.8 resins/kg humus contentfrom 2.52 to 2.41 %, nitrogen content of mineral compoundsfrom 42 to 31 mg/kg, mobile phosphorus compoundsfrom 110 to 101, mobile potassium compoundsfrom 121 to 114 mg/kg of soil. The agrochemical characteristics of the soil under crops of giant miscanthus are similar to switchgrass. Under the condition of growing energy willow since 2012, the metabolic acidity decreases from 5.92 to 5.85, hydrolytic increases from 2.23 to 2.29 resins/kg of soil, the amount of absorbed bases decreases from 9.7 to 9.2 resins/kg, humus contentfrom 2.52 to 2.49 %, nitrogen content of mineral compoundsfrom 39 to 28 mg/kg, mobile phosphorus compoundsfrom 114 to 108, mobile potassium compoundsfrom 123 to 116 mg/kg soil.
Purpose. To establish an optimal seeding rate for different varieties of crambe (Crambe abyssinica Hochst) based on its influence on the formation of the main elements of the yield structure in the conditions of the Right Bank Forest Steppe. Methods. Crambe varieties ‘Belenzian’ (USA) and ‘CRA 5/79’ (Germany) were studied in field conditions (Cherkasy region) in the years 2020–2022. The crop was sown at the beginning of May in a continuous row method at seeding rates from 1.0 to 3.5 m seeds per hectare to a depth of 3–5 cm. Before harvesting, the preservation and biometric indicators of the plants were recorded, after which the seed yield was determined. The harvest was harvested by the direct harvesting method at a seed moisture content of 15%. Results. Regardless of the seeding rate, the preservation of plants before harvesting (on average according to the experiment) was somewhat higher in the variety ‘Belenzian’ – 72.8 against 70.4% in ‘CRA 5/79’. The lowest indicators in both varieties (64.1–67.6%) were recorded for the lowest sowing rate (1.0 and 1.5 m seeds/ha) and the highest (74.3–78.1%) for the highest seeding rate (3.0 and 3.5 m seeds/ha); the height of the plants was 73–90 cm on average, reaching a maximum in both varieties at seed rates of 2.0 and 2.5 m seeds/ha. An increase in the seeding rate to 3.0–3.5 m seeds/ha led to a significant decrease in plant height. The longest pods (4.7 and 4.5 cm) in variety ‘Belenzian’ were noted for the seeding rate of 1.0 and 1.5 m seeds/ha, while in variety ‘CRA 5/79’, the longest pods (3.3 and 3.5 cm) were obtained for the seeding rate of 2.0 and 2.5 m seeds/ha, respectively. The highest number of pods (144 and 146 in ‘Belenzian’; 130 and 135 in ‘CRA 5/79’), the weight of seeds from one plant (8.51 and 878 g and 8.04 and 8.23 g respectively) and the weight of 1000 seeds (8.78 and 9.00 g and 7.89 and 8.01 g, respectively) were obtained for seeding rate of 2.0 and 2.5 million seeds/ha. At the same seeding rates, the highest seed yield of ‘Belenzian’ was obtained – 2.12 and 2.23 t/ha, respectively, while in ‘CRA 5/79’ 2.04 and 2.00 t/ha of seeds was obtained at the seeding rate of 2.5 and 3.0 m seeds/ha, respectively. Conclusions. Seeding rate has a significant impact on the formation of biometric indicators that are the elements of the yield structure and, ultimately, the yield of crambe seeds. The values of most indicators increase with an increase in the seeding rate, reaching a maximum at 2.5 m seeds/ha, and then gradually decreasing. The optimal seeding rate from the point of view of the formation of a high yield of seeds in both crambe varieties is 2.5 m seeds/ha. The research results can be used to improve the elements of cultivation technology for growing crambe in the Right Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine.
The article presents the study results of the frost resistance of sweet cherry varieties of different ripening periods under artificial freezing. The damage degree of various tissues of one-and two-year-old wood, as well as fruit formations, was analyzed. In the group of early-ripening and late-ripening varieties, a significant resistance of the bark to the effect of low temperature was found, the average damage score was 0.7. Among late-ripening cherry varieties Drogana yellow had low-temperature damage to one-year-old wood, while no negative effect on the wood was observed for the Amazonka variety. The highest overall degree of freezing of one-year wood was observed for the varieties Mliivska yellow and Drogana yellow, the lowest values were obtained for the varieties Meotida, Mirage and Amazonka. Dispersion analysis based on a combination of factors confirmed the highest degree of wood freezing for the Mliivska yellow and Drogana yellow varieties. Among the early-ripening varieties, the two-year-old wood froze the most in trees of the Dar Mlieva variety, where the highest degree of damage to the tissues of the bark, cambium, and wood was observed. The least tissue damage was in the Mliivska yellow variety, however, its core had the maximum damage not only within the group, but also among all the studied varieties. By artificial freezing in laboratory conditions, it was established that the highest frost resistance of annual and perennial wood is characteristic of the early ripening variety Zoryana, medium ripening Meotida and late ripening Amazonka. As a result of laboratory freezing, the frost resistance of fruiting bodies did not exceed 2.2 points. The fruiting formations of the Drogana yellow exceeded all the studied varieties in terms of the level of damage. High resistance to low temperatures was shown by the fruiting formations of the varieties Zoryana, Mirage and, especially, Alyonushka. The damage level of other pomological varieties was in the range of 1.9-2.25 points. The most negative effect of low temperatures was caused on flower germs.
Purpose. To establish the peculiarities of the formation of physicochemical properties of amaranth grain under the effect of varietal characteristics and humidity. Methods. Laboratory methods for determination of physicochemical and physicomechanical properties of grain; calculation for determination of volume, area and sphericity of grain; mathematical and statistical methods for the analysis of the experimental data. Results. The research shows that the carbohydrate content of amaranth grain varied from 63.1 to 68.7%. At the same time, the content of carbohydrates in the grain of variety ‘Kharkivskyi-1’ was significantly higher compared to ‘Atstek’ and ‘Helios’. The content of protein in the grain of the studied varieties varied significantly. The highest protein content was in the grain of 'Lera' and ‘Kharkivskyi-1’ varieties (20.2–24.9%). It should be noted that the lysine content in the grain of these varieties was also the highest (0.85–0.91%). Grain moisture content in the studied varieties was low (8.3–11.1%). The highest grain quality was in the ‘Helios’ variety – 819 g/dm3, while in the rest of the studied varieties it ranged from 748 to 775 g/dm3. 1000-kernel weight and 1000-kernel volume were almost equal in the studied amaranth varieties. At the same time, the angle of the natural slope varied reliably. The coefficients of external friction at rest and the coefficient of external friction in motion for the grain of the varieties ‘Kharkivskyi-1’, ‘Lera’ and ‘Atstek’ were significantly higher compared to ‘Helios’. The geometric parameters of grain changed reliably depending on their humidity: as the humidity of the grain increases, its geometric parameters increase. An increase in the moisture content of the grain increases the linear dimensions. At the same time, the volume and surface area of the grain increases, thanks to which the sphericity increases. Conclusions. It was established that the physicochemical properties of amaranth grain reliably change as affected by varietal characteristics and humidity. The grain of amaranth varieties ‘Lera’ and ‘Kharkivskyi-1’ has the highest protein content (20.2–24.9%) and lysine (0.85–0.91%). The carbohydrate content is 65.3–68.7%. ‘Helios’ variety has the highest grain quality – 819 g/dm3. 1000-kernel weight is 0.664–0.710 g, depending on the variety. The grain of varieties ‘Kharkivskyi-1’, ‘Lera’ and ‘Atstek’ is characterized by a higher angle of natural slope, coefficients of external friction at rest and external friction in motion. An increase in grain moisture significantly increases its geometric parameters.
Introduction. The results of research on the effect of different rates of Panda herbicide, Stimpo growth regulator and Rizobofit microbial preparation on leaf surface area formation and chickpea cultivar Pamyat' yields are presented. As a result of the conducted research, the most effective combination of preparations, which provides a significant increase of photosynthetic surface of leaves and as a result grain productivity of chickpea crops, was established. Purpose. To study the effect of different rates of Panda herbicide applied separately or in the background of plant treatment with biologic preparations - plant growth regulator Stimpo and 32 Серія «Біологічні науки», 202 2microbial preparation Rizobofit - on the formation of leaf area and grain productivity of chickpea cultivar Pamyat.Methods. The study plan included variations with the use of Panda herbicide at the rates of 3.0; 4.0; 5.0; 6.0 l / ha (active substance - pendimethaline) separately and on the background of the plant growth regulator (PPP) Stimpo at a rate of 0.025 l / t (biologically active substances complex), microbial preparation (MBP) Rizobofit at the rate of 1.0 l/t (bacteria of Rhizobiacea genus ST 282 ) and the combination of growth regulator Stimpo and microbial preparation Rizobofit at the same rates for chickpea cultivar Pamyat'.Measurement and examination of the density of leaves and grain yield were carried out according to the methods described by Z. M. Gritsiyenko and his co-workers. Statistical processing of the research results was carried out according to the methods of dispersion analysis, presented by B.A. Dospekhovy.Results. Chickpea leaf area formation is highly dependent on weather conditions and norms of herbicide application separately and on the background of biological preparations. The largest area of chickpea leaves in the study is formed in variants of complex use of preparations, particularly herbicide Panda at a rate of 4.0 l / ha with a growth regulator Stimpo (0, 025 l / t) and microbiological preparation Rizobofit (1.0 l / t), in this case during the phases of growth the leaf area exceeded control I on average by 66-84%. Some decrease in the density of leaf apparatus is due to the applying of herbicide at rates of 5.0 and 6.0 l / ha, that can be attributed to the main physiological and biochemical processes inhibition in plants due to high xenobiotic standards. The highest yield indicators and chickpea grain quality are formed when Panda herbicide at the rate of 4, 0 l / ha on the background of the treatment of crops before planting RRR Stimpo (0.025 l / t) and IBP Rizobofit (1.0 l / t) are applied, in which case for this combination of preparations Crop Yield increases by 0.64 t / ha.Originality. The main goal is to demonstrate physiological, biochemical, microbiological and production changes in chickpea plants and planting soil at different rates of herbicide and biologic preparations. Conclusions. With the purpose of biological processes activation and chickpea crops productivity increase under the conditions of the Right-bank Forest-steppe of Ukraine, it is advisable to treat chickpea seeds before sowing a mixture of microbial preparations based on symbiotic bacteria Mesorhizobium siceri with a titer of living cells not less than 4, 0·109 CU/ml (Rizobofit, p. ; Rizoaktiv Beans Brand R analogue) at the rate of 1.0 l/t, growth regulator Stimpo, WP at the rate of 0.025 l/t and apply Panda herbicide at the rate of 4.0 l/ha against storms on the above mentioned background.Key words: chickpea; leaf surface area; herbicide; growth regulator; microbial preparation.
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