The article presents the results of studies conducted in 2011-2016 years on the southern chernozem in the southern Steppe of Ukraine, studied the efficiency of processing winter wheat crops modern growth-regulating drugs in the main periods of vegetation of the crop on the background of mineral fertilizers application. It was determined that the introduction of pre-sowing cultivation of winter wheat fertilizer in a dose of N 30 P 30 (background) and the use of foliar fertilizing of crops at the beginning of the resumption of spring vegetation and the beginning of stooling complex organic fertilizers Organic D2 and Escort-bio created favorable conditions for the formation of optimal indicators of the structure of the crop and, accordingly, a high level of grain yield of the studied varieties. In the variants of fertilizer Organic D2 and Escort-bio plants of winter wheat variety Kolchuga formed 4,42-4,48 t / ha of grain, and plants of Zamozhnist formed 4,96-4,99 t/ha, which exceeded the control by 52,9-55,0 and 62,6-63,6%, respectively. From the studied varieties of winter wheat on a set of indicators, it was determined Zamozhnist as the best variety.
In article it is specified that the first in potentials of fertility soil of Ukraine and first of all chernozems, in recent years owing to a deviation of technologies from it is general the accepted developed zone recommendations and violation of fundamental laws of agriculture, key indicators of fertility significantly lose. Their structure worsens, the maintenance of a humus, organic matter, macro-and minerals decreases. Specified adversely affects productivity of crops that it is especially shown as in a zone of the southern steppe, and in general in Ukraine including due to changes of climatic conditions. Level of productivity of agricultural plants first of all limits security with their moisture which without the optimum content of organic matter by the soil does not keep, is quickly lost on unproductively evaporations, but not on formation of productivity. That most influences growth and development of plants, occupies the second place among factors food. The best conditions of providing plants with nutrients are created on body of a mineral system of fertilizer. It is expedient to bring them compatibly in evidence-based norms. Under such circumstances use of fertilizers most fully remains the existing parameters of fertility of the soil and even improves and especially for proved watch of crops in a crop rotation. At the same time in the last decades volumes of introduction of organic chemistry are significantly reduced that negatively affects a condition of fertility of soils. At the same time there is an urgent need for the most expedient use of mineral fertilizers, selection of their types, forms and ratios for increase in productivity and key indicators of quality of crops. Mineral fertilizers it is necessary to gather additionally taking into account growth of dryness of a zone irrespective of moistening level, they were absorbed by the soil, were evenly distributed in it and were effectively used by plants. At the same time fertilizers are introduced have to affect well key indicators of fertility of soils and to maintain in them positive balance not only basic elements of food, and a humus. In article it is reasonable that liquid mineral fertilizers both simple, and difficult, have certain advantages in efficiency in comparison with types, more widespread in application, firm (loose and granulated) fertilizers.
The aim of the work was to improve soil fertility and increase the yield of winter wheat using the stubble biodestructor by activating the microbiological activity of the soil. The experimental studies were on the research field of Mykolayiv National Agrarian University (Ukraine). After harvesting the precursor cultures of spring barley and peas the post-harvest residues of these crops were treated with a stubble biodestructor. After treatment of crop residues of spring barley and pea by the stubble biodestructor in the soil layer of 0 up to 20 cm the quantity of cellulose-destructive microorganisms increased by 27.9·105 up to 36.0·105 cfu/g of soil depending on the predecessor culture and the degree of degradation of these residues increased by 31.4 up to 45.1%. The number of nitrogen fixators in the 0-10 cm soil layer grew under the action of treatment of crop residues of spring barley and peas by stubble biodestructor on 13.4 up to 14.1 ·106 cfu/g of soilor 30.3 up to 35.0%. At the same time, a somewhat large number of bacteria in the soil was determined by the processing of post-harvest residues of peas, which was due to the biological characteristics of this legume culture. The average for years of researches at cultivating of winter wheat after spring barley using the stubble biodestructor the grain yield increased by 0.45 t ha–1, or 20.9%, and after pea it increased by 0.67 t ha–1 or 18.8% compared to the treatment variant of stubble just with water.
Âñòóï ß÷ì³íü ÿðèé º îäí³ºþ ç îñíîâíèõ çåðíîôóðàaeíèõ êóëüòóð â Óêðà¿í³: çà ïîñ³âíèìè ïëîùàìè òà âàëîâèì çáîðîì â³í ïîñ³äຠäðóãå ì³ñöå ï³ñëÿ ïøåíèö³ îçèìî¿. Ïðîòå, çà âè-ñîêî¿ ïîòåíö³éíî¿ çåðíîâî¿ ïðîäóêòèâíîñò³ ñó÷àñíèõ ñîðò³â ÿ÷ìåíþ (ïðèáëèçíî 9,0 ò/ãà), éîãî âðîaeàéí³ñòü ó âèðîáíè÷èõ óìîâàõ çàëèøàºòüñÿ íèçüêîþ ³ íåñòàá³ëüíîþ ç³ çíà÷íèìè êîëèâàííÿìè çà ðîêàìè ï³ä âïëèâîì áàãàòüîõ ÷èííèê³â âèðîùóâàííÿ (äî 40% i á³ëüøå) [1]. Âàaeëèâó ðîëü ó ôîðìóâàíí³ ïðîäóêòèâ-íîñò³ ñ³ëüñüêîãîñïîäàðñüêèõ êóëüòóð â³ä³ãðຠçì³íà êë³ìàòè÷íèõ óìîâ [2]. Çîíà ϳâäåííîãî Ñòåïó Óêðà¿íè õàðàêòåðèçóºòüñÿ íå-ñò³éêèì ³ íåäîñòàòí³ì çâîëîaeåííÿì, âèñîêèìè ë³òí³ìè òåìïåðàòóðàìè, çàñîëåí³ñòþ ÷àñòèíè ´ðóíò³â. Òàêèé êîìïëåêñ àá³îòè÷íèõ ÷èííèê³â íåãàòèâíî âïëèâຠíà ð³ñò ³ ðîçâè
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