A quantitative chemical distribution of five elements in several undecalcified sections of teeth was determined by the electron microprobe method. The calcium (Ca)! phosphorus (P) weight percent ratios were determined in scans through the enamel and dentin, and characteristic curves for the concentration of the trace elements magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), and chlorine (Cl) were obtained.The electron microprobe permits the qualitative and quantitative analysis of elements in a continuing or spot scan of an extremely smooth dental or other mineralized surface. This instrument has been widely and successfully used in the fields of metallurgy and geology and in the study of semiconductors. Smith and co-workers'-5 have developed correction formulae for quantitative analyses of chemically complex systems and have shown that values obtained are accurate within 1-5%.Several laboratories have been doing biological analyses using the microprobe from the time it was first marketed in this country. The earlier work was primarily on samples that could be analyzed for elements heavier than sodium and was generally limited to biologically hard parts such as bone.6 Hoerman et a17 have reported the uptake of tin and fluorine in human enamel in situ by the topical applications of stannous fluoride. Tin concentrations were determined by the electron microprobe, and fluorine (F) determinations were made chemically. Their report demonstrates the use of the electron probe for the analysis of certain elements in calcified tooth sections.Frank, Capitant and Gonis reported electron microprobe analyses of Ca, P, and Cl in anorganic tooth tissues impregnated with KI to establish uniformity in density, espe-
A maximum rise of mean temperature to 1.68 degrees C in closest vicinity to the pulpal chamber and the morphological unaltered dentine surfaces demonstrate the safe and tissue preserving character of the superpulsed 9.6 microm CO2 laser. The laser caused an even lower temperature rise than conventional drilling. Moreover, the laser showed acceptable efficacy with ablation rates that did not significantly differ from the conventional dental drill.
A detailed electron microprobe analysis of Ca, P, Na, Cl, and Mg in three early carious lesions is compared with data of these elements found in noncarious enamel of the same three specimens.
Music with a mood that does not match the movie scene is a form of film music that has been experimented with and explored over time. It has been recognized to have varying effects on audiences, specifically on mental processes like perceptions and moral judgment. One goal of this research was to explore a more underexplored aspect of this kind of film music: the emotions of the audience. Furthermore, the main goal was to determine if music with a mood opposite to the movie scene would convey and amplify emotions of the audience. To study how emotions of audiences are impacted by music with a mood that does not match the mood of the movie scene, multiple clips from movies with either music that matched or mismatched their original scenes were chosen to have new music edited onto them. This led to two groups: matched and mismatched mood clips. From this point, a survey with questions about emotions felt per each clip was distributed to participants, who watched the clips live. After participants responded about emotions that they felt and the intensities of those emotions, their results were analyzed to determine that music with a mood opposite to the movie scene does amplify the emotions of the audience and can convey new emotions, though results for newly conveyed emotions varied from clip to clip.
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