Sago frond is a lignocellulose waste that it has not been utilized optimally. The purpose of this study was to produce cellulose from sago frond with alkaline delignification and bleaching on various types of bleach agents. The study was conducted in three stages, namely a characterization of sago frond, alkaline delignification, and bleaching. Proximate analysis showed that sago fronds are potentially used as a cellulose source. The treatments of alkaline delignification and bleaching on various types of bleach agents significantly affected the characteristics of cellulose. The delignification using 10% NaOH for 2 h, after which the bleaching was carried out using the alkaline hydrogen peroxide for the same duration, thereby, producing cellulose of the highest degree of crystallinity and whiteness, while the hemicellulose and lignin contents were relatively low. Thus, sago frond has the potential to be used as a cellulose source and is widely applied.

Agromaterials such as starch and fiber are very promising raw materials to reduce our dependence on polystyrene. Corn hominy, a by-product of the corn milling industry, is a potential source to reinforce starch-baked foam. The effects of corn hominy and PVOH addition on mechanical properties of Cassava starch foam were investigated. Different formulations of Cassava starch, corn hominy and PVOH were mixed with liquid to get total solids at 50% and baked in a thermopressing machine at 150-170°C for 2 min. The results showed that corn hominy and PVOH addition can improve compressibility and tensile strength of the foams but gave denser foam and darker color. Ratio of tapioca: corn hominy: PVOH ¼ (75:25):30% gave the best foam properties.

Active compounds of temulawak often have some disadvantages such as barely dissolve in water, unstable in alkaline and acidic conditions, that need to be overcome by coating with the starch matrix. Starch nanoparticles precipitated with alcohol can serve as coating material because it has a helical hole and the porous structure. The research objective was to determine the effect of starch nanoparticles coating materials on the characteristics of temulawak microcapsule. The treatments tested included types of coating/starch matrix resulted from two different preparations of arrowroot starch nanoparticles namely by butanol and ethanol precipitation with two degrees of hydrolysis. The parameters observed consist of yield, encapsulation efficiency (EE), drug loading (DL), morphology (SEM and TEM), particle size distribution and polydispersity index (PDI), FTIR, and antioxidant activity. The results showed that the yield of microcapsules ranged from 42.91 to 58.31%, with EE from 48.69 to 69.59% and DL from 19.02 to 28.96%. Microcapsule size ranged from micro to nano size having 200 nm in average with rounded shape, and polydispersity index from 0.69 to 0.94. The antioxidant activity showed that microcapsule coated with butanol precipitation starch matrix was higher than that of ethanol precipitation. The FTIR analysis showed a binding of the active ingredient (curcumin) in the matrix as seen with the new absorption peak at a wavelength of 1510 cm−1 as well as two new peaks at 1750 cm−1 and 3730 cm−1.

ABSTRAKPencarian bahan energi alternatif yang tidak berkompetisi dengan pangan dan pakan sangat perlu dan mendesak. Biomassa lignoselulosa merupakan salah satu sumber energi terbarukan yang potensial. Metode penggandaan produksi bioenergi dari skala laboratorium ke skala industri perlu dikaji untuk pengembangan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan metode penggandaan produksi bioetanol dari tongkol jagung. Percobaan produksi bioetanol dari skala laboratorium ke skala industri dilakukan dengan metode Pg/V tetap (tenaga pengadukan per volume). Perhitungan penggandaan skala berdasarkan data reologi cairan fermentasi dan spesifikasi fermentor yang digunakan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan penggandaan skala produksi bioetanol dengan kapasitas bioreaktor 200 l, menghasilkan volume kerja 65% atau 130 liter dengan tinggi cairan fermentasi 0,840 m, diameter tangki bioreaktor 0,441 m, diameter pengaduk jenis turbin pipih 0,187 m, dan kecepatan agitasi 66,34 rpm. Berdasarkan perhitungan dasar penggandaan produksi bioetanol dengan kapasitas bioreaktor 10.000 l diperoleh volume kerja 65% atau 6.500 l dengan tinggi cairan fermentasi 2,87 m, diameter tangki bioreaktor 1,49 m, diameter pengaduk jenis turbin pipih 0,63 m, dan kecepatan agitasi 29,52 rpm.Kata kunci: jagung, tongkol, lignoselulosa, bioetanol, penggandaan produksi ABSTRACTThe effort to search for alternative energy materials that do not compete with food and feed is necessary and urgent. Lignocellulosic biomass is one potential source of renewable energy. Scalinge up methodproduction of bioenergy production from laboratory scale to industrial scale needs to be studied and developed. The aim of this study is to find get scalinge up method o0f the bioethanol production from corn cobs. An Eexperiments on scalinge up of bioethanol production from laboratory scale to industrial scale was is done by the Pg / V constant method (stirring power per volume). Scale up calculations based on data from fermented liquid rheological characteristics and specifications fermenters are used. The results showed that the calculation of basic scale up bioethanol production capacity bioreactor of 200 l, obtained working volume of 65% or 130 l, high of liquid fermentation 0.840 m, diameter tank bioreactor 0.441 m, diameter of a stirrer of turbine type of flat 0.187 m and the speed of agitation at 66.34 rpm. Based on the calculation of basic scale up bioethanol production capacity bioreactor of 10,000 l, obtained working volume of 65% amounting to 6,500 l, high of liquid fermentation 2.87 m, diameter tank bioreactor 1.49 m, diameter of a stirrer of turbine type of flat 0.63 m and the speed of agitation at 29.52 rpm.

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Active coumpund of Andrographis paniculata which have lots pharmacological activities has limitations need to overcome such as encapsulating in starch matrix. The aim of the research was to find out the effect of acid hydrolysis level on the characteristics of andrographolide encapsulated in starch nanoparticle matrix. Treatments observed were types of matrix (A): A1=starch nanoparticles (NP) and A2=mixed starch NP and maltodekxtrin (MD) and the duration of hydrolysis (B): 2 hours (B1) and 24 hours (B2). Result showed that the yield of microcapsule ranged from 62.56-69.365%, encapsulation eficiency 45.06-59.02%, drug loading 18.9-24.2%, particle size 9.12-23.65m with round sphere forms. The highest antioxidant activity was microcapsule using 24h NP matrix but for the inhibition to -glucosidase was 2h lintnerization. The FTIR spectra showed interaction between nanostarch matrix and andrographolide as carbonyl strecthing band at 1727cm-1.  Index Terms-sambiloto (andrographis paniculata) extract, arrowroot starch, microcapsule, starch nanoparticles

The optimum conditions for the growth of Bacillus pumilus RXAIII-5 (a potential xylanase producer) were sought, these included temperature, pH, aeration, and agitation of the culture batch. Afterwards a mathematical model based on the parameter of cultivation kinetics was formulated. At the same time, the rheology of the fluid used for bacterial cultivation in a bioreactor was studied. The data obtained was used for estimating the 'scaling up' of enzyme production. The results of the study indicate that the optimum condition for processing in 50 ml Erlenmeyer flask are used temperature of 35 o C (308 o K), pH 7, and an agitation rate of 140 rpm. The highest xylanase activity and its specific activity are 297.132 U.ml -1 and 655.32 U.g -1 protein, respectively. Subsequent experiments in a bioreactor using all of the experiment parameters mentioned above, except for the agitation rate, shows that the results are as follows. The highest specific growth was at 0.082 hour -1 at an aeration and agitation rate of 0.5 vvm and 150 rpm, respectively. Based on the data of the cultivation kinetics, the optimum conditions for the fermentation in Biostat 2L-bioreactor is 1 vvm and 200 rpm of aeration and agitation, respectively. The efficiency of substrate (Yp/s) and of cell biomass (Y p/x ) to produce xylanase is 50.744 U.g -1 and 43.906 U.g -1 , respectively. The efficiency of substrate to cell production (Y x/s ) is 1.178g.g -1 . The liquid cultivation-medium has non-Newtonian properties. Based on a mathematical model it is found that the consistency index (k constant) and index of liquid behavior (n value) are 0.179 g.cm -1 .second -1 and 0.3212, respectively. Becouse the value of 00, the culture liquid is categorized as pseudo plastic one. The Rheynold number (NRe) is 6.9 x 10 3 which indicates it has turbulent characteristics. From a calculation it is found that the power required to run a suitably sized impeller is 0.228 HP (Horse Power) and the power consumption per unit volume is 0.2265 HP.m -3 . All these values were used for scaling up xylanase production in the bioreactor.

Increasing of oil palm estate crop ultimately increase of EFB as waste product of oil palm industry. It is the greatest component of freshly fruit bunch of oil palm crop yield. There is 230-250 kg EFB in 1000 kg of freshly fruit bunch.The former research result reported EFB containing 41. 3-45% cellulose, 25.3-33.8% hemicellulose, and 27.6-32.5% lignin [2]-[4]. Significantly high of lignocellulose content of the EFB is degradable into simple compound i.e. sugar as material source of ethanol production due to fermentation process.Pretreatment on the lignocellulose of EFB is key in order to reduces of lignin and hemicellulose before production process into bioethanol [3]- [5]. Reducing hemicellulose also increasing of pores size of biomass [6]. Hydrolysis of lignocellulose able to carried out with acid or alkaline solution and then steaming under high temperature and pressure [4], [7] and [8].The comparative advantages of utilization lignocellulose from EFB i.e.: i) not interfere of food supply and ii) able to overcome of environmental problem in order to create zero waste and sustainable industry.This research will develop the saccharification technique of the EFB fibres via enzymatic process to produce fermentable sugar in bioethanol production. The aim of this study i.e.: i) to improve the yield of sugars production via chemical (NaOH or H2SO4) and physical (using autoclave or microwave) pretreatments of the EFB, ii) to improve the yield of fermentable sugars production using cellulolytic and xylanolytic enzymes, and iii) to produce bioethanol from hydrolysate of EFB. II. MATERIALS AND METHODS A. Raw Materials Preparation and CharacterizationEmpty fruit bunch (EFB) fibres of oil palm was supplied by an palm oil industry of PTP Nusantara VIII at Malingping, Banten, West Java. Wet fibres of EFB was dried in suny days and followed in the oven 50 o C for acceleration of drying process. Dried fibres of EFB were chop into very small size of 1.0-1.5 cm length. These fibre pieces was grind and poured into 50-80 mesh of siever. These flour like materials were resulted via sieving process were ready to use for conversion processing into the end product (bioethanol).These flour materials of EFB were analyzed using AOAC method [9] for determination of water and fibres content. IndexTerms-Bioethanol, chemicall and pysicall pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis, fruit bunch-palm oil.