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Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica L.) ground nanoparticles contain phenolics compounds that have anti-inflammatory effects, so they can be used as sources of active compounds in anti-inflammatory gel preparations. This study aims to determine the optimum formulation of anti-inflammatory gel preparations using Arabica coffee ground nanoparticles as active compounds. Treatment optimization was performed using a Response Surface Methodology according to the Box-Behnken Design with a quadratic model in the Design Expert Version 10.0.3.0 software. In this study we used three factors (x): carbopol 940, triethanolamine (TEA), and nanoparticles, each of which consists of three levels, the response (y) observed including the acidity degree (pH), spreadability, viscosity and total phenolic content. ANOVA analysis results show that the quadratic model is very appropriate since it produces a high R2 value and a low PRESS value for all responses, as well as significant p-values (<0.0500) and an insignificant lack of Fit values (p-value> 5%). The optimum formulations for the gel preparations of the Arabica coffee ground nanoparticles obtained in this study are carbopol 940 (0.569%), TEA (0.468%), and nanoparticles (3.000%), which have values w/o an interval (0.994) and a desirable (0.981) response to acidity (5.212), spreadability (5.850 cm), viscosity (3734.244 cps) and total phenolic content (669.227 µgGAE/g).

Thermoplastic starch-polyvinyl alcohol composite films were prepared by casting method with cellulose nanofibers as reinforcement agent and glycerol as plasticizer. The obtained cellulose nanofibers with a diameter of 27.23 ± 8.21 nm were isolated from oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFBs) by mechanical treatment. The addition of cellulose nanofibers until 3 wt% increased tensile strength and crystallinity of the composite films. In contrast, it decreased their elongation at break and water vapor transmission rate. Meanwhile, the addition of glycerol increased elongation at break and water vapor transmission rate of film matrix but lowers tensile strength of composite films.

Propolis is a resinous substance collected by stingless bee or honey bee from various plant sources. The substance is known to contain beneficial properties for human. The geographical origin of propolis determines its biological properties. In this study, propolis were collected from five regions of Indonesia with the objective of determining the yield, their total flavonoid content, their capacity to induce apoptosis, and their toxicity to the Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 (MCF-7) cell line. The inhibition of antioxidant 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), the induction of apoptosis to Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the anticytotoxic ability were determined. Propolis from Pekanbaru region had higher yield than other regions with value of 19.97%; propolis from Kendal had higher quantity with value of 46.60%, total flavonoid content; propolis from Pandeglang was higher in DPPH oxidation capacity with value of 68.94 μg.ml -1 ; propolis from Kendal, expressed petite cell induction in S. cerevisiae cells with value of 81.44%, and the anticytotoxic to MCF-7 breast cancer cell line were best observed in propolis from Makassar region with a value of 47.71% life cells. All of the propolis extracted from the stingless bee hive Trigona spp from five regions in Indonesia contained flavonoids.

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