Objective To determine the incidence of and risk-factors for development of acute kidney injury (AKI) and investigate the association between AKI and mortality in patients hospitalized with Covid-19. Patients and Methods This retrospective case series includes the first 370 patients consecutively hospitalized with confirmed Covid-19 illness between March 10, 2020 and May 13, 2020, at a 242-bed teaching hospital. To determine independent association between demographic factors, comorbidities and AKI incidence, multivariable-logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios adjusted for clinical covariates. Results Median age of patients was 71 (59–82) years and 44.3% were female. Patients with AKI were significantly older with a higher comorbidity-burden and mortality-rate (58.1% vs 19.6%, p<.001) when compared to those without AKI. Increasing age, chronic kidney disease, hyperlipidemia and being of African-American descent showed higher odds of AKI. Patients with AKI had significantly higher odds of mortality when compared to patients without AKI, and this effect was proportional to the stage of AKI. Increasing age and acute respiratory distress syndrome also revealed higher adjusted odds of mortality. Conclusion AKI is a common complication among hospitalized Covid-19 patients. We found significantly higher odds of AKI with increasing age, among hyperlipidemics and patients with chronic kidney disease and among African-Americans. We demonstrate an independent association between AKI and mortality with increasingly higher odds of mortality from progressively worsening renal failure in hospitalized Covid-19 patients.

The endophytic fungi isolated from soursop leaf has the potential to be used as a source of anticancer agents.

Propolis is a resinous substance collected by stingless bee or honey bee from various plant sources. The substance is known to contain beneficial properties for human. The geographical origin of propolis determines its biological properties. In this study, propolis were collected from five regions of Indonesia with the objective of determining the yield, their total flavonoid content, their capacity to induce apoptosis, and their toxicity to the Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 (MCF-7) cell line. The inhibition of antioxidant 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), the induction of apoptosis to Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the anticytotoxic ability were determined. Propolis from Pekanbaru region had higher yield than other regions with value of 19.97%; propolis from Kendal had higher quantity with value of 46.60%, total flavonoid content; propolis from Pandeglang was higher in DPPH oxidation capacity with value of 68.94 μg.ml -1 ; propolis from Kendal, expressed petite cell induction in S. cerevisiae cells with value of 81.44%, and the anticytotoxic to MCF-7 breast cancer cell line were best observed in propolis from Makassar region with a value of 47.71% life cells. All of the propolis extracted from the stingless bee hive Trigona spp from five regions in Indonesia contained flavonoids.

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Background Advancing age and male sex have been identified as risk factors for poor outcomes in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, there is a dearth of data investigating the impact of age on the risk reported with male sex. We aimed to determine the risk associated with male sex in people of different age groups, that is, in people younger or older than 65 years of age. Methods This is a retrospective cohort study that included 370 adult patients hospitalized with COVID-19 between March 12, 2020, and May 13, 2020, at a 242-bed teaching community hospital in the New York City metropolitan region. Patients were classified into younger (age<65 years, n=132) and older individuals (age>=65, n=238). We calculated odds ratios for poor outcomes in men compared to women separately in these two groups. Results Among older individuals, there was no difference in the odds of poor outcomes between men and women. In contrast, among younger people, men had higher odds of severe pneumonia, need for high oxygen support, acute kidney injury and acute liver injury when compared to women. Conclusions Among people older than 65 years, sex did not impact disease severity and outcomes in COVID-19. Thus, older women were equally likely to have severe COVID-19 when compared to age-matched men. In contrast, among younger middle-aged adults (29-64 years), men had higher odds of end-organ damage from COVID-19 compared to women. Based on these observations, age is a more important driver of poor outcomes in COVID-19 than sex. Public health policies need to create awareness for the increased risk of older individuals to COVID-19, regardless of sex.

Introduction Several comorbid conditions have been identified as risk factors in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, there is a dearth of data describing the impact of COVID-19 infection in patients with end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis (ESRD-HD). Methods This retrospective case series analyzed 362 adult patients consecutively hospitalized with confirmed COVID-19 illness between March 12, 2020, and May 13, 2020, at a teaching hospital in the New York City metropolitan area. The primary outcome was severe pneumonia as defined by the World Health Organization. Secondary outcomes were the (1) the Combined Outcome of Acute respiratory distress syndrome or in-hospital Death (COAD), and (2) need for high levels of oxygen supplementation (HiO 2). Results Patients with ESRD-HD had lower odds for poor outcomes including severe pneumonia [odds ratio (OR) 0.4, confidence interval (CI) 0.2-0.9, p=.04], HiO 2 [OR 0.3, CI (0.1-0.8), p=.02] and COAD [OR 0.4, CI (0.2-1.05), p=.06], when compared to patients without ESRD. In contrast, higher odds for severe pneumonia, COAD and HiO 2 were seen with advancing age. African Americans were over-represented in the hospitalized patient cohort, when compared to their representation in the community (35% vs 18%). Hispanics had higher odds for severe illness and HiO 2 when compared to Caucasians. Conclusions Patients with ESRD-HD had a milder course of illness with a lower likelihood of severe pneumonia and a lesser need for aggressive oxygen supplementation when compared to patients not on chronic dialysis. The lower odds of severe illness in ESRD-HD patients might have a pathophysiologic basis and need to be further explored.

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<p>Immunostimulation effect of chitosan against motile aeromonas septicemia caused by <em>Aeromonas hydrophila</em> were examined in catfish (<em>Clarias </em>sp<em>.</em>). Experimental fish were injected with 2, 4 and 6 μg/g fish of chitosan.  All fish were subsequently challenged by 10⁵ CFU/ml of live <em>A. hydrophila</em> by injection method.  Negative control injected with PBS and positive control injected with only <em>A. hydrophila</em> were included in the experiment. Results showed that total count of eritrocyte, leucocyte,  level of hematocrite, haemoglobin and phagocytic index higher at fish injected with chitosan previously compared with control as well as lymphocyte, neutrophile, monocyte, and trombocyte.  Either survival rate or growth  of fish injected with chitosan were found to increase in accordance with dose of chitosan.</p> <p>Kata Kunci : chitosan,<em> Aeromonas hydrophila</em>, immunostimulant, <em>Clarias </em>sp.</p> <p> </p> <p>ABSTRAK</p> <p>Efek imunostimulasi dari kitosan melawan <em>Motile Aeromonad Septicemia </em>yang disebabkan oleh <em>A. hydrophila</em> dilihat pada ikan lele (<em>Clarias</em> sp.). Ikan uji disuntik dengan larutan kitosan dengan dosis  2, 4 and 6 μg/g, yang selanjutnya diuji tantang dengan bakteri  <em>A. hydrophila</em> 10⁵ CFU/ml melalui penyuntikan intramuskular.  Kontrol negative disuntik dengan PBS dan control positif disuntik hanya dengan bakteri  <em>A. hydrophila</em> disertakan dalam penelitian ini. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa jumlah eritrosit, lekosit, level hematokrit, hemoglobin dan indeks fagositik lebih tinggi pada ikan-ikan yang diberi kitosan sebelumnya dibandingkan dengan tanpa pemberian kitosan sebelumnya.  Begitu pula dengan kadar limfosit, netrofil, monosit dan trombosit.  Sintasan dan pertumbuhan ikan yang diberi kitosan meningkat sejalan dengan dosis kitosan yang diberikan.</p> <p>Kata kunci: kitosan,<em> </em><em>Aeromonas hydrophila</em>, immunostimulan, <em>Clarias </em>sp.</p>