Gondorukem (Resina colophium) is produced by steam distillation of pine resin (oleoresin). It is yellow-brown solid containing mainly tricyclic alkyl organic acids (abietat acid and pimarate acid). The two acids have ampliphilic characteristics due to their hydrophobic carboxyl tail and hydrophilic tricyclic molecules. The purpose of this research was to prepare emulsion rosin as a sizing agent. Two types of gondorukem (WW and X grades) were saponified by adding a sodium hydroxide solution at a temperature below 100oC. For improving the quality of saponified rosins, the rosins were fortified by adding some maleic anhydride. Some tests were conducted to measure saponified and acidic numbers of a known rosin grade. The tests show that the acidic and saponified numbers of an X grade rosin were 179.92 and 199.74, respectively. Those of a WW grade were 176.58 and 195.84 for acidic and saponified numbers, respectively. Therefore, it can be concluded that the X grade gondorukem has a better quality as a rosin sizing agent than the WW grade.Keywords: gondorukem, saponification, sizing agent, fortified rosin ABSTRAK Gondorukem (Resina colophium) adalah hasil olahan destilasi uap dari getah sadapan pada batang pinus (oleoresin). Gondorukem berbentuk padatan berwarna kuning kecoklatan dengan komponen kimia utamanya terdiri dari asam organik alkyl tricyclic tak jenuh yaitu asam abietat dan asam pimarat. Kedua molekul asam ini memiliki sifat amfipatik yaitu mempunyai gugus karboksil yang bersifat hidrofilik dan molekul tricyclic yang hidrofobik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk pembuatan darih rosin emulsi dari gondorukem serbuk sebagai aditif pada pembuatan kertas. Gondorukem dengan kualitas WW dan X dilakukan reaksi saponifikasi menggunakan soda pada suhu di bawah 100oC. Peningkatan kualitas dari rosin tersabunkan yang terbentuk dilakukan dengan reaksi fortifikasi menjadi rosin terfortifikasi dengan penambahan senyawa anhidrida maleat. Parameter uji berupa bilangan penyabunan dan bilangan asam dilakukan untuk mengetahui kualitas darih rosin yang terbentuk. Dari penelitian ini didapatkan bilangan asam dan penyabunan kualitas X adalah 179,92 dan 199,74 sedangkan untuk kualitas WW 176,58 dan 195,84. Dengan hasil pengujian kualitas bahan baku gondorukem X mempunyai kualitas yang lebih baik untuk dijadikan darih rosin pada kertas dibandingkan dengan WW.Kata kunci: gondorukem, saponifikasi, bahan pendarihan, rosin terfortifikasi
Increasing of oil palm estate crop ultimately increase of EFB as waste product of oil palm industry. It is the greatest component of freshly fruit bunch of oil palm crop yield. There is 230-250 kg EFB in 1000 kg of freshly fruit bunch.The former research result reported EFB containing 41. 3-45% cellulose, 25.3-33.8% hemicellulose, and 27.6-32.5% lignin [2]-[4]. Significantly high of lignocellulose content of the EFB is degradable into simple compound i.e. sugar as material source of ethanol production due to fermentation process.Pretreatment on the lignocellulose of EFB is key in order to reduces of lignin and hemicellulose before production process into bioethanol [3]- [5]. Reducing hemicellulose also increasing of pores size of biomass [6]. Hydrolysis of lignocellulose able to carried out with acid or alkaline solution and then steaming under high temperature and pressure [4], [7] and [8].The comparative advantages of utilization lignocellulose from EFB i.e.: i) not interfere of food supply and ii) able to overcome of environmental problem in order to create zero waste and sustainable industry.This research will develop the saccharification technique of the EFB fibres via enzymatic process to produce fermentable sugar in bioethanol production. The aim of this study i.e.: i) to improve the yield of sugars production via chemical (NaOH or H2SO4) and physical (using autoclave or microwave) pretreatments of the EFB, ii) to improve the yield of fermentable sugars production using cellulolytic and xylanolytic enzymes, and iii) to produce bioethanol from hydrolysate of EFB. II. MATERIALS AND METHODS A. Raw Materials Preparation and CharacterizationEmpty fruit bunch (EFB) fibres of oil palm was supplied by an palm oil industry of PTP Nusantara VIII at Malingping, Banten, West Java. Wet fibres of EFB was dried in suny days and followed in the oven 50 o C for acceleration of drying process. Dried fibres of EFB were chop into very small size of 1.0-1.5 cm length. These fibre pieces was grind and poured into 50-80 mesh of siever. These flour like materials were resulted via sieving process were ready to use for conversion processing into the end product (bioethanol).These flour materials of EFB were analyzed using AOAC method [9] for determination of water and fibres content. IndexTerms-Bioethanol, chemicall and pysicall pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis, fruit bunch-palm oil.
The main problem of cultivating soybeans under the stands of oil palm plantations in the low intensity of solar radiation. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of reflective mulch application on the growth, physiology, and production of soybeans cultivated as intercropping under oil palm plantation stands. The study was carried out at Cimarga Banten Indonesia using a two-factor randomized nested design with three replications. The treatments consist of two factors, viz different age of oil palm stands and types of reflected mulches. The use of reflective mulch would increasing albedo, as well as in intensifying reflected radiation of land surface by 29% for organic mulch and by 49% for inorganic mulch. The application of organic and inorganic reflective mulches could increase the interception of solar radiation by soybean plants and had positive effects on height, stem diameter, leaf area index, biomass, and radiation use efficiency. The use of organic reflective mulch increased the amount of relative leaf chlorophyll in shaded conditions and the amount of chlorophyll in the upper, middle and lower position leaves. Organic and inorganic reflective mulches had a significant effect on increasing the number of fill pods, production, and weight of 100 soybean grains.
Garlic seed production is constrained by a long dormancy period, which is 5-6 months. This study aimed to analyses the effect of thermal shock storage methods and soaking in gibberellin acid on the dormancy breaking of garlic seeds. Raw material used in this study was garlic bulbs variety Sangga Sembalun. The experiment was conducted in randomized block design with treatments of storage temperature (low temperature / 12-14°C, high temperature / 38-42°C + low temperature / 12-14°C, high temperature / 38-42°C + room temperature / 28-30°C, and room temperature) and gibberellin acid concentration (0, 125, 250, 375 ppm), with two replications. Total storage duration was 4, 8, and 12 weeks. The results of analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that storage temperature was significantly different of their germination (p<0.05). Storage of garlic seeds by the thermal shock method can shorten the dormancy period from 5-6 months to 12 weeks. Germination capacity resulting from combination of high temperature (38-42°C) storage for 6 weeks and low temperature (12-14°C) for 6 weeks (a total of 12 weeks) is higher than continuous storage of low temperature and room temperature without requiring the addition gibberellin acid.
The experiments of refining have been done using PFI mill and Beater, at Key words : refining, fiber classification, fiber morphology, the strength properties, correlation value ABSTRAKTelah dilakukan percobaan penggilingan menggunakan PFI mill dan Valley Beater, pada freeness 300 mL CSF sebagai parameter tetap. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui beberapa indikator penggilingan yang efektif untuk memprediksi kualitas kertas. Bahan baku terdiri dari pulp kayu, pulp non kayu, pulp kimia, pulp mekanis, pulp kayudaun dan pulp kayujarum. Parameter yang dianalisa untuk masing-masing hasil penggilingan adalah klasifikasi serat, morfologi serat dan dimensi turunannya serta nilai laju drainase. Selanjutnya dilakukan uji sifat kekuatan yang meliputi ketahanan tarik, retak dan sobek. Berdasarkan hasil analisa korelasi terhadap data penelitian, indikator penggilingan yang paling efektif dan sensitif terhadap sifat kekuatan kertas pada dua metode penggilingan berbeda adalah kelangsingan dengan nilai korelasi di atas 0,8.Kata kunci : penggilingan, klasifikasi serat, morfologi serat, sifat kekuatan, nilai korelasi PENDAHULUAN Penggilingan atau refining adalah pemberian aksi mekanis terhadap serat untuk mengembangkan sifat optimal serat yang diinginkan pada pembuatan kertas berkenaan dengan produk yang akan dibuat. Target utama refining adalah untuk memperbaiki kemampuan ikatan serat sehingga dapat membentuk lembaran kertas yang kuat dan rata dengan sifat cetak yang baik. Kadang-kadang tujuannya adalah memperpendek serat yang terlalu panjang agar formasi lembaran baik, atau untuk mengembangkan sifat pulp lainnya seperti absorbansi, porositas atau sifat optik khusus untuk grade kertas yang ditentukan. (Sixta H, 2006) Selama ini parameter yang paling dianggap representatif untuk proses penggilingan adalah freeness yang merupakan ukuran seberapa cepat air mampu keluar dari serat. Namun seringkali satu indikator tersebut tidak cukup mewakili untuk menentukan apakah proses penggilingan berjalan baik atau tidak. (Herbert Holik, 2006).
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