Instant rice is becoming more popular in modern lifestyle. This study investigated the effect of freezing temperature and duration on physicochemical characteristics of instant rice. Raw material used in this study was rice with two different amylose content, i.e. high (> 25%) and intermediate (20-25%). The experiment was conducted in randomized block design with treatments of freezing temperature (-20 and -4°C) and time (12, 18, and 24 hour), with three replications. The results of analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that between freezing temperature and duration were significantly different of their physicochemical characteristics (p<0.05). The best freezing temperature and duration for both of rice was -4°C for 24 hour. Characteristics of instant rice from high amylose were rehydration time of 4.97 minutes, rehydration ratio of 3.14, density of 0.55 gr/ml, volume expansion of 178.99%, water absorption 55.44%, and yield recovery of 88.67%. This product contained of 6.57% moisture, 0.40% ash, 0.21% fat, and 7.92% protein. While, characteristics of instant rice from intermediate amylose were rehydration time of 4.07 minutes, rehydration ratio of 3.29, density of 0.57 gr/ml, volume expansion of 169.64%, water absorption 56.90%, yield recovery of 92.05%. This product contained of 7.58% moisture, 0.70% ash, 0.42% fat, and 7.92% protein.

INTISARIGelatin merupakan produk turunan protein yang diperoleh dari hidrolisis kolagen hewan yang dapat diekstraksi melalui proses asam dan basa. Pemanfaatan gelatin sudah sangat luas dan menjadi bagian dalam gaya hidup masyarakat Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui sifat fisikokimia gelatin kulit sapi kering dibandingkan dengan sifat gelatin komersial yang distandarkan SNI. Penelitian didesain menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap pola searah dengan perlakuan jenis pelarut ekstraksi (HCl 1%, CH3COOH 1%, NaOH 1%) dengan ulangan sebanyak empat kali. Sebanyak 1000 g kulit sapi yang telah mengembang direndam dengan HCl 1%, CH3COOH 1%, dan NaOH 1% pada masing-masing wadah selama 4 hari (1:3 (b/v)) kemudian dinetralkan, diekstraksi dengan air (1:3) menggunakan panci bertekanan 1 atm pada suhu 100 o C selama 1 jam, didinginkan, disaring, dikeringkan, dan kemudian dihaluskan. Analisis produk gelatin meliputi rendemen, analisis proksimat, pH, viskositas, kekuatan gel, dan kandungan logam (Cu, Zn, As, dan sulfit). Hasil analisis data dibandingkan dengan skor pada gelatin komersial dan SNI 06-3735-1995. Penggunaan pelarut asam dan basa untuk menghidrolisis kulit sapi kering menghasilkan gelatin dengan rendemen dan sifat fisikokimia yang berbeda nyata (P<0,05). Penggunaan HCl 1% sebagai larutan perendam dapat menghasilkan rendemen gelatin 65,75% lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan perendaman CH3COOH 1% dan 27,71% lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan perendaman NaOH 1%. Gelatin yang dihidrolisis menggunakan pelarut HCl 1% menghasilkan gelatin dengan sifat fisikokimia yang sebagian besar memenuhi standar SNI dan gelatin komersial. Kesimpulan penelitian ini kulit sapi kering yang dihidrolisis menggunakan pelarut HCl 1% berpotensi sebagai alternatif bahan baku pembuatan gelatin.(Kata kunci: Gelatin, Hidrolisis, Kulit sapi kering, Sifat fisikokimia, SNI Gelatin) (HCl 1%, CH3COOH 1%, NaOH 1%) and repeated four times. Sample 1000 g that has been soaked with HCl 1%, CH3COOH 1%, and NaOH 1% in each container for 4 days (1:3 (w/v)) then neutralized, extracted with water (1:3) using a 1 atm pressure pan at 100°C for 1 hour, cooled, filtered, dried, and crushed. The analysis of gelatin products includes rendement, proximate analysis, pH, viscosity, gel strength, and metal content (Cu, Zn, As, and sulfite). Results of data analysis were compared with scores on commercial gelatin and SNI 06-3735-1995 ABSTRACT Gelatin is a protein product derived from the hydrolysis of animal tissues containing collagen through extraction process with acid or base treatment. The utilization of gelatin is very broad and has become part of the lifestyles of Indonesian. This research was conducted to study the physicochemical properties of dry cow skin gelatin compared to that commercial gelatin standardized by SNI. The experiment was set up in a one way completely randomized design with various kinds of solvent extraction

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<p>Gaya hidup masyarakat di zaman modern dituntut untuk bergerak cepat termasuk dalam menyiapkan makanan. Oleh karena itu, perlu dicari alternatif proses untuk mempercepat pengolahan beras dengan tetap mempertahankan nilai gizinya. Beras amilosa rendah memerlukan waktu pemasakan yang cepat dengan tekstur yang pulen sehingga cocok digunakan sebagai bahan baku nasi instan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mempelajari karakteristik fisikokimia, sensori, dan fungsionalnya nasi instan dari beras amilosa rendah. Bahan baku yang digunakan adalah beras Sintanur. Rancangan penelitian yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Lengkap pola faktorial dengan perlakuan suhu pembekuan (-4oC dan -20oC) dan waktu pembekuan (12, 18, dan 24 jam), diulang empat kali. Proses produksi nasi instan menggunakan beras kadar amilosa rendah terdiri dari perendaman dalam larutan natrium sitrat 5% (1:2), pencucian, pengaronan, pemasakan menggunakan rice cooker, pendinginan pada suhu -20oC selama 24 jam, thawing, dan pengeringan. Hasil analisa ragam (ANOVA) menunjukkan bahwa suhu pembekuan, waktu pembekuan, dan interaksi keduanya berpengaruh nyata terhadap karakteristik fisikokimia dan fungsional. Nasi instan memiliki karakteristik waktu rehidrasi 3,19 menit, densitas kamba 0,50 g/ml, rendemen 96,80%, daya serap air 48,73% dan volume pengembangan 154,99%. Nasi instan mengandung kadar air 12,39%, kadar abu 0,67% (bk), kadar lemak 0,18% (bk), kadar protein 0,88% (bk), kadar karbohidrat 90,28% (bk), kadar amilosa 17,28%, dan daya cerna pati 62,37%. Hasil uji sensori menunjukkan bahwa berdasarkan uji kruskal-wallis (p&gt;5%) panelis menyukai warna, rasa, tekstur, aroma, dan penampakan nasi instan pada perlakuan pembekuan suhu -20oC selama 24 jam.</p><p><strong><br /></strong></p><p><strong>Characterization of Physicochemical, sensory, and fungtional Properties of instant rice from low amylose rice.</strong></p><p>In the modern lifestyle people are required to move quickly, including in preparing food. Therefore, alternative processes should be sought to accelerate rice processing while maintaining its nutritional value. This research aimed to produce instant rice using low amylose content with their physicochemical, sensory, and functional characteristics. Raw material used was Sintanur rice. The experiment was conducted in complete randomized design of factorial with treatments of freezing temperature (-20 and -4^oC) and duration (12, 18, and 24 hour), with four replications. The results of analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that between freezing temperature and duration were significantly different of their physicochemical and functional characteristics (p&lt;0.05). Instant rice production process using low amylose rice consist of soaking in 5% sodium citrate solution (1: 2), washing, staining, cooking using a rice cooker, freezing at -20^oC for 24 hours, thawing, and drying. Characteristics of instant rice produced were rehydration time of 3.19 minutes, bulk density of 0,50 g/ml, yield of 96,80%, water absorption of 48,73%, and volume expansion of 154,99%. This product contained of 12,39% moisture, 0,67% ash (db), 0,18% fat (db), 0,88% protein (db), 90,28% carbohydrate (db), 17,28 amylose, and 62,37% starch digestibility.  Sensory test results showed that the panelists liked the color, taste, texture, aroma, and appearance of instant rice.</p>

The objective of this research is to study the reduction of chili postharvest losses (PHL) after implementation of aqueous ozone treatment, perforated packaging and refrigerated transportation in inter-city distribution. The completely randomized design method was used in the research, with five levels of combination treatments of chili: (i) aqueous ozone treatment; refrigerated transportation; (ii) no ozone treatment; refrigerated transportation; (iii) aqueous ozone treatment; non-refrigerated transportation; (iv) no ozone treatment; non-refrigerated transportation; and (v) existing handling practice as a control treatment. The study was conducted on a large scale in order to imitate the practice of local traders when distributing chili to other cities, with three repetitions. Each repetition used 850 kg of chili, which was transported from Magelang District, Central Java to Bogor, West Java (541.5 km), a journey of approximately 15-17 hours. Temperature and relative humidity in the vehicles were monitored and recorded. Quality analysis included decayed/damaged chili and chili with inappropriate harvest age, grouped into four types, namely physical/mechanical, physiological, microbiological, and green chili; color and texture. The quantity parameter was determined by measuring weight loss. It was concluded that the implementation of aqueous ozone treatment and improved transportation handling technology using refrigerated vehicles could reduce the postharvest losses of chili by 60.61%. Quantity loss was reduced from 2.16% to 1.82% and quality loss from 6.70% to 1.68%. Moreover, the color and texture (hardness) of the chili was maintained, showing a preserved freshness, which is an important parameter in chili marketing.

<p>Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai is one of well-known bioinsectiside resources, and utilized in organic farming for the replacement of chemical insecticide. The active compounds produced from fermentation process of B. thuringiensis subsp. aizawai are bacterial spores and protein crystal of δ-endotoxins, which are variously toxic to larvae of the Lepidoptera and Coleoptera. The use of bioinsecticides in Indonesia is still rarely because bioinsecticide marketed in Indonesia is still an import product so that price is relatively expensive. This problem can be overcome with producing bioinsecticide contain active B. thuringiensis using agroindustrial by product as a raw materials. This research compared the bioinsecticide production from several agroindustrial by product in solid fermentation of B. thuringiensis subsp. aizawai. This research aimed to find out the ability of B. thuringiensis subsp. aizawai using substrate combination of carbon source (cassava dregs, pulp of coffee, starch fractions of iles-iles, and sago dregs) and nitrogen source (tofu’s waste, peanut meal, palm kernel cake, and corn hominy) in bioinsecticides production using solid media cultivation. The research consisted of three stages, there were substrates characterization, microorganisms characterization, and bioinsecticides production. The main parameters to select the carbon and nitrogen sources are LC₅₀ value and potential bioinsecticides products. The results showed that the best cultivation of B. thuringiensis subsp. aizawai contained in combination cassava dregs and palm kernel cake blends. This cultivation produced total cell counts 11.2 log CFU/g, viable spore counts 8.9 log CFU/g, LC₅₀ 0.04 μg/ ml and potential products 20000 IU/mg. Biopesticide produced can be used to kill Crocidolomia binotalis on cabbage.</p><p> </p><p><strong>PRODUKSI BIOINSEKTISIDA OLEH <em>Bacillus thuringiensis </em>subs<em>. aizawai</em> PADA KULTIVASI MEDIA PADAT MENGGUNAKAN LIMBAH AGROINDUSTRI <br /></strong></p><p><em>Bacillus thuringiensis </em>subsp<em>. aizawai</em> merupakan salah satu bakteri yang digunakan untuk menghasilkan bioinsektisida dan digunakan pada pertanian organik untuk menggantikan pemakaian insektisida kimia. Komponen aktif yang diproduksi dari proses fermentasi <em>B. thuringiensis </em>subsp<em>.aizawai</em> adalah spora dan kristal protein δ-endotoksin, yang bersifat toksin terhadap larva Lepidoptera dan Coleoptera. Penggunaan bioinsektisida di Indonesia masih jarang karena biasanya berupa produk impor yang harganya mahal. Permasalahan ini dapat diselesaikan dengan memproduksi bioinsektisida menggunakan bahan aktif <em>B. thuringiensis</em> dan hasil samping agroindustri sebagai bahan baku. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengkaji kemampuan produksi <em>B. thuringiensis </em>subsp<em>. aizawai </em>pada beberapa jenis substrat sumber C (onggok, kulit kopi, fraksi pati iles-iles, dan ela sagu) dan sumber N (ampas tahu, bungkil kacang tanah, bungkil inti sawit, dan ampok jagung) dalam memproduksi bioinsektisida dari limbah agroindustri. Penelitian ini terdiri dari tiga tahap, yaitu karakterisasi substrat, karakterisasi isolat dan produksi bioinsektisida. Parameter utama untuk menetapkan sumber karbon dan nitrogen yang tepat adalah nilai LC₅₀ dan potensi produk bioinsektisida. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa produksi bioinsektisida yang terbaik terdapat pada kultivasi <em>B. thuringiensis </em>subsp<em>. aizawai</em> menggunakan kombinasi onggok dan bungkil inti sawit. Pada kultivasi ini dihasilkan jumlah sel hidup 11.2 log CFU/g, jumlah spora 8.9 log CFU/g, nilai LC₅₀ 0.04 μg/ ml dan potensi bioinsektisida 20000 IU/mg. Bioinsektisida yang dihasilkan dapat digunakan untuk membasmi larva Croccidolomia binotalis pada tanaman kubis.</p>

<p>Gelatin merupakan bahan tambahan pangan asal hewani yang peranannya cukup penting dalam proses produksi pangan yang berfungsi sebagai pengemulsi, penstabil, memperbaiki tekstur produk pangan, dan pengental. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakteristik mutu gelatin ceker ayam yang diekstraksi dengan perlakuan kombinasi basa dan asam. Penelitian didesain menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap dengan perlakuan jenis pelarut ekstraksi: Perendaman pada NaOH 0,2% dan asam asetat 5% (A); Perendaman pada NaOH 0,1% dan asam sitrat 5% (B); dan Perendaman pada NaOH 1% dan Asam sitrat 5% (C). Analisis produk gelatin meliputi kadar lemak, kadar protein, kekuatan gel, pH,dan kandungan logam. Penggunaan pelarut asam dan basa untuk menghidrolisis ceker ayam menghasilkan gelatin dengan karakteristik mutu yang berbeda nyata (p&lt;0,05). Proses produksi gelatin menggunakan perlakuan perendaman NaOH 0,2% dan asam asetat 5% menunjukkan karakteristik yang paling baik dibandingkan dengan perlakuan lainnya.Gelatin tersebut mempunyai karakteristik yang memenuhi standar SNI gelatin (06-3735:1995) dan lebih baik dibandingkan gelatin komersial.</p>

AbstrakAsam sitrat merupakan asam organik yang banyak digunakan dalam industri makanan, minuman, farmasi, kosmetik, pertanian, dan kimia. Asam sitrat dapat diproduksi melalui proses fermentasi mikroorganisme penghasil asam sitrat. Aspergilus niger merupakan salah satu mikroorganisme yang dapat digunakan pada proses produksi asam sitrat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari proses produksi asam sitrat oleh Aspergillus niger menggunakan kultivasi media cair. Pengamatan dilakukan terhadap pH, biomassa, gula sisa (substrat sisa), absorbansi, total asam dan rendemen (yield) yang dihasilkan. Sumber karbon yang digunakan adalah gula pasir, sedangkan sumber nitrogen yang digunakan adalah (NH4)2SO4. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan produksi asam sitrat maksimum sebesar 11,904 g/l pada hari ke-4, laju pertumbuhan spesifik maksimum sebesar 0,03 hari-1, Yp/x adalah 1,881 g asam sitrat/g biomassa, Yp/s adalah 1,881 g asam sitrat/ppm substrat, dan Yx/s adalah 0,016 g biomassa/ppm substrat. AbstractCitric acid is the most widely used organic acid in food, beverage, pharmacy, cosmetics, agriculture, and chemical industries. Citric acid can be produced by fermentation of microorganisms producing citric acid. Aspergillus niger is a microorganism which can be used in production of citric acid. This research aimed to study the process of citric acid's production by Aspergillus niger using submerged cultivation medium. Observations were carried out on the pH, biomass, residual sugar (residual substrate), absorbance, total acid and yield. Carbon source used was sugar, while nitrogen source used was (NH4)2SO4. The results showed maximum citric acid production was 11,904 g/l on day-4, maximum specific growth rate was 0,03 on day-1, Yp/x 1,881 g citric acid/g biomass, Yp/s 1,881 g citric acid/ppm substrates, and Yx/s 0,016 g biomass/ppm substrates.