Objective: The purpose of this study was to detect the incidence of multi-drug resistant (MDR) and the spread of tet genes that encode tetracycline (TE) resistance in E. coli in pig farms in the city of Kupang, Indonesia. Materials and Methods: Samples of pig feces have been obtained from 96 pig farms in Kupang city, Indonesia. Escherichia coli bacteria were isolated and identified morphologically and biochemically, and finally confirmed by the API test. The disk diffusion method has been used to observe the antibiotic sensitivity effects and has been followed by observing resistant genes encoding TE resistance using the multiplex polymerase chain reaction (m-PCR) method to detect the presence of tet genes such as tet (A), tet (B), tet (C), tet (D), and tet (E), respectively. Results: A total of 82 (85.4%) of E. coli isolates have been found in all pig feces samples obtained from 96 pig farms in Kupang city. This study has shown a high level of antibiotic resistance dominated by erythromycin (85.4%) and cephalothin (58.5%) and followed by several other antibiotics with a percentage below 34.1%. The prevalence of MDR E. coli was 57.3% by showing 39 different patterns. The most common pattern was showed by the Cephalothin-Colistin-Erythromycin pattern. The resistance of E. coli to TE appears to be related to the presence of tet (A) and tet (E) genes. Conclusion: This study has encouraged the need for public awareness (farmers) of the wise use of antibiotics in preventing the spread of resistant bacteria that can cause health problems in animals and humans.
Beef is one type of meat that is quite popular with almost all Indonesian people, especially in East Nusa Tenggara (NTT). Storage of beef at room temperature and open space can accelerate the occurrence of decay in meat. This is because the complete nutritional content and high water content in meat can be a good medium for the growth of pathogenic bacteria or spoilage bacteria. One of the efforts that can be done to prevent meat rot is to do a natural preservative method by utilizing plant parts that contain antimicrobial compounds. Moringa leaves are one part of the plant which is known to have antimicrobial compounds. This study aims to determine the effect of Moringa oleifera Lamk leaf extract on the microbiological and organoleptic quality of beef. This research is an experimental laboratory research. A total of 48 thigh beef (Biceps femoris) beef samples were tested in this study using a completely randomized factorial pattern design, namely concentration factors of 0% (K0), 5% (K1), 10% (K2), and 15% (K3) extract Moringa leaf and long storage factor at room temperature are 0 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours, and 18 hours and repeated three times. The parameters tested were color quality, texture, aroma, initial decay test, pH test, and total plate count (TPC) test. The results showed changes in the color, aroma, and texture of the meat. The Eber test shows the K3 group can last up to 18 hours. There was a very significant difference between the concentration of Moringa leaf extract on the length of storage of meat and the pH value of meat (P<0,01). Moringa leaf extract concentration factors and meat storage duration significantly influence the TPC value (P<0,01). The TPC value in the K3 group is below the SNI contamination limit for storage room temperature less than 18 hours.
The prevalence of antibiotic resistance is an increasing problem due to the use of false and excessive antibiotics. The use of antibiotics in pig farms is increasing and needs to be aware of side effects, it is also influenced by the knowledge, attitudes and practices of farmers. This study is a cross-sectional study using a structured questionnaire interview to analyze the relationship between knowledge and attitudes towards the practice of using antibiotics by pig farmers in Kupang city. A total of 96 respondents pig farmers spread over 6 districts, District of Maulafa (9 villages) District of Alak (12 villages) District of Oebobo (7 villages), District of Kelapa Lima (5 villages), District of Kota Raja (2 villages) and the district of Kota Lama (1 village). The variables observed were individual characteristics, knowledge, attitudes and practices of the use of antibiotics by pig farmers in relation to the occurrence of antibiotic resistance. The relationship between the variables was tested using the Pearson correlation, while the relationship and magnitude of the direct and indirect impact on the observed variables was determined using path analysis. The results showed knowledge has a very significant impact (p <0.01) and indirectly contributes to the level of antibiotic usage practices preventing the occurrence of antibiotic resistance. Attitudes have a significant effect (p <0.05) and directly affect the practice of antibiotics to prevent the use of antibiotic resistance in Kupang. Conclusion of this study shows that knowledge has a major impact on the practice of using antibiotics by pig farmers, so by increasing farmers' knowledge of the facts incidence of antibiotic resistance, the attitude of farmers will increasingly have a positive significant effect on the level of practice use of antibiotics Prevent antibiotic resistance at a pig farm in the city of Kupang.
Pork is one of the most consumption types of meat in the East Nusa Tenggara region.. Moringa leaf are one part of the plant which is known to have antimicrobial compounds.The aimof this research was to determine the influence of Moringa leaf infusion as a natural preservative to the quality of pork.This research is an experimental laboratory research and used a total of 48 samples of thigh pork (Biceps femoris). This research used a completely randomized design with factorial pattern. The first factor was concentration of infusion Moringa leaf consist of 0% (K0), 5% (K1), 10% (K2), and 15% (K3) and the second factor was time of storage consist of 0,6, 12, and 18 hours with 3 replications. The parameters of porkquality that have been examined: color, texture, odor, value in the Eber test, pH value, and total plate count (TPC) value.The results showed that the addition of Moringa leaf infusion change the color and odor. The Eber test shows the K3 group can last up to 18 hours. There was no significant effect of infusion concentration (P> 0.05) on the pH value and there was a very significant effect on the time of storage (P<0.01) on the pH value. There was a significant effect of infusion concentration (P<0.05) and very significant effect on the time of storage (P <0.01) on the TPC value. The value of TPC in the K3 group was below of the Standar Nasional Indonesia contamination limit for laying less than 12 hours at room temperature.
Moringa oleifera Lamk is a shrub with a height of 7-11 m and thrives from the lowlands to an altitude of 700 m above sea level. Moringa can grow in tropical and subtropical areas on all types of soil and is resistant to dry spells for 6 months. Its high nutritional value, properties and benefits have earned Moringa the nickname Mother's Best friend and the Miracle Tree. In addition, moringa plants also have benefits as antioxidants and antimicrobials so that they can be used as preservatives. This study aims to determine the benefits of adding Moringa oleifera Lamk leaf infusion to the quality of pork minced meat.This research is an experimental laboratory research. The samples used in this study were 48 samples of ground thigh pork (biceps femoris), and this study used a fully randomized design factor pattern.The quality parameters of the meat samples examined are color, the smell, texture, pH, Postma test and Total Plate Count (TPC). The results showed that the addition of moring leaf infusion changed color, aroma an d eczema. The Postma test shows that the K3 group can last up to 6 hours. The TPC value in the K3 group is below the SNI contamination limit for 6 hours.
Due to the unprudent use of antibiotics globally, it causes the incidence of antibiotic resistance with the emergence of bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics and has implications for the failure of the use of antibiotics in dealing with various cases of diseases caused by bacteria. The incidence of antibiotic resistance in the livestock sector occurs due to the use of antibiotics that are not based on recommendations and antibiotics are given in the long term. The presence of bacteria that carry resistance to one or several kinds of antibiotics in livestock is a threat to animal and human health. The city of Kupang as an area that has pig farms and a high pig population has a big challenge to the emergence of antibiotic resistance due to the use of antibiotics in maintaining livestock health. One of the bacteria that has a large number of distributions and is widely found in livestock and is an indicator of antibiotic resistance is Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). This research has used an observational research method based on data collection methods and laboratory examinations, which are adjusted to the objectives that have been set. The approach that has been used in this research is a Cross Sectional Study, because it wants to get an overview of S. aureus bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics. The sample that has been needed is pig feces obtained by field observations. The data analysis technique that has been used is a descriptive analysis model, to explain the presence of antibiotic-resistant S. aureus bacteria in pig farms. The results showed that this isolation and identification process resulted in 28 (51.85%) samples that were positive for S. aureus. The highest prevalence of resistance was found in S. aureus which was resistant to the antibiotic Colistin sulfate (82.1%). The number of antibiotics tested from S. aureus isolates showed various variations from 0 to 3 types of antibiotics that were resistant in 1 isolate. The most common resistance pattern shown in S. aureus isolates was the CS (Colistin sulfate) pattern as many as 19 of the 28 samples. The conclusion of this study encourages the need to increase supervision related to the use of antibiotics and increase public awareness of the use of antibiotics and prevention of the increasing incidence of antibiotic resistance.
The purpose of this study was to examine the shelf life of lactic acid probiotics from Sumba horse milk in various packages. The study was conducted from August to November 2021. Lactic acid bacteria were cultured from Sumba horse milk, stored in MRS Broth. These lactic acid bacteria were diluted with concentrations of 10%, 20%, and 30%, respectively, and packaged in glass bottles, plastic bottles High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE), and plastic clips/ polypropylene standing pouch. Packaged probiotics were stored at room temperature for 14 days. The results showed that storage using High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) and plastic clips was better than glass bottles. The study concluded that a concentration of 30% in plastic bottle High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) packaging was preferred in organoleptic testing
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