Geographical position and feed quality of farms in highland and lowland, particularly in the tropical region, cause the differences in milk quality. One of the factors that influenced milk quality is the fatty acid (FA) profile of milk. The objective of this study is to compare the FA profiles of milk produced by farms in highland and lowland regions. Milk sampling was done by random purposive method at two regions which have different altitudes. Milk sampling was conducted with 28 farmers whose cows were fed botanically diverse forages and with commercial mix concentrate of dairy cows. The FA profiles of the milk samples were analyzed using Gas Chromatography (GC-7820A/G4350B, Agilent Technologies). Individual FAME was identified by comparison to standard mixture Supelco 37 Component FAME Mix and standard CLA (O5507, Sigma-Aldrich). The FA profiles were statistically analyzed for normality test and t-test carried out by SPSS ver.22. There were nine significantly different FA profiles consisting of C6:0, C10:0, C12:0, C14:0, C16:0, C18:0, C18:1-trans9, C18:2-trans, C18:2-cis, and C18:2-CLA. The milk from the lowland region has higher PUFA content, especially CLA content, and also has lower SFA content. The conclusion is milk from highland and lowland regions consists of different FA profiles.

The current milk price system based on Total Plate Count (TPC) and Total Solids (TS) are less sensitive in determining milk quality. Milk fatty acids profiles reflected milk quality for human health. However, their determination using Gas Chromatography (GC) is impracticable to be included as a daily price decision determinant. The study aimed to find a model for milk value added based on milk fatty acids profiles that reflected milk quality for human health measured by pre-calibrated rapid Fourier Transform Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (FT-NIRS) method. Two hundred fifty-six samples of milk were collected from 3 dairy farm areas. Samples were analyzed using a Milkotronic milk analyzer for fat, protein and lactose contents and Gas Chromatography (GC) for fatty acids. The data were inputted into the FT-NIRS spectrum for calibration. The regression model to calculate milk value-added that can be used as a bonus system was developed after classifying and weighting of Milk Fatty Acid Index (MFAI) determined based on expert judgment. The results showed that milk fatty acids profiles vary greatly. Eight parameters (CLA, C16:0, SFA, MUFA, LCFA, PUFA, C18:2 trans9, 12 and H/H) can be detected accurately using FT-NIRS and used in milk value-added calculation. Simpler equation was used Y = 16.38307 + 5.395582 CLA + 0.695062 PUFA -0.0244 C18:2, trans 9, 12 with R 2 = 0.950 and was validated insignificantly different as calculated from the 8 parameters. It is concluded that the milk processing industry can use milk fatty acids generated from FT-NIRS to add value to milk collected from smallholder farmers.

Supplementation of oil rich in unsaturated fatty acids (FAs) such as canola, soybean, and palm oils improved the quality of milk fatty acids. However, the unprotected unsaturated oil might impair rumen fermentation, feed, and fiber digestibility. A study was conducted to determine the best type of oil supplementation (factor A) including canola (A1), soybean (A2), or palm (A3) and level oil supplementation (factor B) including B0 = 0%, B1 = 1%, B2 = 2% or B3 = 3%) on the in-vitro feed fermentation and digestibility. The study used a 3 x 4 factorial block design. Two-stages were used to measure the pH, ammonia (NH3), volatile fatty acids (VFAs), protozoal number, dry matter (DMD), organic matter (OMD), neutral detergent fiber (NDFD), and acid detergent fiber (ADFD) digestibility. The results showed that oil type did not significantly influence the fermentability (pH, NH3, VFAs, and protozoa) and feed's digestibility (DMD, OMD, NDFD, and ADFD) but oil level influence the fermentability and digestibility significantly. In addition, an increase above 1% in oil levels reduced protein fermentability, protozoal number, DMD, and OMD, but increased VFA. It is concluded that the addition of unprotected canola, soybean, or palm oil in dairy cattle ration could be applied in a concentration not more than 1%.

Background and Aim: Disposable imported nylon bags used in an in situ digestibility measurement restrict the effort of scientists to obtain more accurate information about ruminant feed quality due to their low affordability and environmentally unfriendly characteristics. This study aimed to find reusable local nylon fabrics to substitute imports. Materials and Methods: Five local fabrics (B1 = Abutai, B2 = Taffeta, B3 = Organza, B4 = N57, and B5 = M100) were used to make nylon bags and compared with the imported bag (B6 = Ankom technology). The research consisted of three steps: (1) Observing the similarity of the local nylon bag's hole number to the imported bag. (2) Testing feed in situ degradation (F1 = Napier grass, F2 = Cornmeal, and F3 = Dairy cattle total mixed ration) using bags B1-B6. (3) The reusability of the bag was tested using different washing methods (under running water [R1], rinse [R2], and ultrasonic water bath [R3]).Results: It was shown that the hole numbers of B1 (1223 hole numbers) and B2 (1245 hole numbers) were not significantly different from B6 (1248 hole numbers). It was shown with dry matter degradability measurement using the in situ method that there was no significant difference in feed solubility (a), potential degradability (b), and the effective degradation between local fabrics (B1-B5) and B6. According to the degradation rate (c), there were interactions between the feeds and fabrics. For F1, all local fabrics were similar to B6, while for F2, only B1 was different from B6. For F3, only B5 was different from B6. It was also shown by the organic matter degradability measurements that there was a similar trend. The exception was the solubility (a) component in F3, in which it was shown that B1 was also different from B6. It was shown in the reusable test that there was no difference in the weight of the bag before and after all washing methods. In contrast, the hole number increased due to the shrinking of the bag after drying in a 60°C oven. Conclusion:According to this in situ study, local nylon bag B2 can substitute imported bags. A lower drying temperature is suggested to prevent shrinking and make the bag reusable.

A good logistics service performance in the dairy feed mill increases farmer benefits and reduces negative environmental effect. Therefore, this study aims to measure the effectiveness of logistics services quality in dairy cooperative feed mill using the customer satisfaction index (CSI) method and important performance analysis (IPA) to enhance performance quality in achieving sustainable business processes. This was conducted in Lembang Districts, West Java, Indonesia, with 150 farmer members of the cooperative as respondents. Then, a total of 100 questionnaires that is suitable with the analysis criteria were used. The CSI method was used to determine farmers’ perception of the logistics service performance and the IPA was adopted for selecting the attributes that need improvement. The result showed a CSI value of 71.05%, which falls under the satisfied category and the IPA diagram showed that the responding rate toward farmers’ demand and employees’ willingness to help was in quadrant II. Conclusively, the logistics service in the cooperative is effective to fulfil farmer needs. Furthermore, some attributes in quadrant II are useful recommendations for improving the logistics service quality.