The high demand for cosmetics has had a great impact on the development of innovative products in the cosmetic industry. The availability of raw materials has become a common problem in the cosmetic industry. Materials from nature can act as alternative sources, such as Ixora javanica. Several studies have shown the potential of I. javanica as an antioxidant and skin lightening agent. The objectives of the present study were to develop and optimize a green ultrasound-assisted deep eutectic solvent extraction of I. javanica. Eleven deep eutectic solvents were evaluated based on extraction efficiency parameters; that is, flavonoid and anthocyanin yields; the antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitory activities of the extracts. The combination of choline chloride and propylene glycol (1:1) was shown to be the optimal deep eutectic solvent for I. javanica extraction. The extraction parameters of temperature, extraction time, and solid-to-liquid ratio were also optimized using response surface methodology. The total flavonoid compound obtained was 33 mg quercetin equivalent/g dried sample under the optimum extraction condition (extraction time of 5 min, temperature of 57 °C, solid-to-liquid ratio of 0.02 g/mL). In sum, this work demonstrates the potential of natural deep eutectic solvent as an organic solvent replacement to obtain high quality Ixora javanica extract, which is a potential new source of skin-lightening cosmetic materials.

In this study, an environmentally friendly extraction method for flavonoid compound from Ixora javanica , as a new raw material candidate for herbal medicine and cosmetics, was developed. The objectives of the present work were to provide recommendations for the optimal extraction conditions and to investigate the effects of any extraction parameters on flavonoid yields from the I. javanica flower. The extraction process was performed using deep eutectic solvent (DES) (choline chloride and propylene glycol at molar ratio of 1 : 1) and the ultrasound-assisted extraction method. Both single-factor and response surface analyses using three-level and three-factor Box Behnken designs were conducted to obtain the optimum flavonoid concentrations. The results showed that the optimum extraction conditions for total flavonoids featured an extraction time of 40 min, 25% water content in DES and a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1 : 25 g ml −1 . An extract obtained under optimum extraction conditions showed higher total flavonoid yields than an ethanolic extract which was used for comparison. Scanning electron microscope images demonstrated that both of the solvents also showed different effects on the outer surface of the I. javanica flower during the extraction process. In summary, our work succeeded in determining the optimum conditions for total flavonoids in the I. javanica flower using a green extraction method.

Mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia L.) telah lama digunakan di Indonesia dan seluruh duniasebagai obat tradisional dan suplemen. Proses ekstraksi dari buah mengkudu menghasilkan ekstrakkental yang kurang dapat diterima oleh masyarakat karena bau dan konsistensinya. Oleh karena itu,perlu adanya alternatif proses pengeringan dari ekstrak kental menjadi ekstrak kering yang tetapdapat menjaga kualitas, efektifitas, dan keamanan dari produk akhirnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untukmengkarakterisasi dan menentukan penambahan Synthetic Amorphous Silica (SAS) yang palingefektif sebagai bahan pengering pada proses pengeringan ekstrak buah mengkudu. Parameter yangdianalisis meliputi karakteristik fisik dan kimia. Penambahan SAS terhadap ekstrak dengan perbandingan1:2 menunjukkan hasil yang paling efektif terhadap kandungan lembab yaitu 3,20 % ± 0,07.Hasil tersebut selanjutnya dilakukan konfirmasi dengan parameter uji lainnya yaitu sifat alir, distribusiukuran partikel, bobot jenis, profil KLT dan ternyata seluruh hasil dari parameter tersebut sesuaidengan ketentuan. Ekstrak kering hasil pengeringan dengan SAS perbandingan 1:2 memberikankecepatan alir sebesar 11,11 ± 0,2092 g/detik, jumlah fines sebanyak 10,20%, dan kompresibilitassebesar 12,18% ± 0,02.

Saintifikasi Jamu, or the scientific investigation of Jamu, is an evidence-based process to ensure the safety and efficacy of herbal medicine through health service research. Jamu has been empirically explored as a composition of various crude drugs, hence called as Scientific Jamu. Phyllanthus niruri and Sonchus arvensis are two of the 30 medicinal plants processed into Scientific Jamu. Components of the Scientific Jamu are standardized to ensure that these materials meet the predefined quality. This study was aimed to determine the specific parameters (macroscopic, microscopic, total flavonoid content, water-soluble extract content, and ethanol-soluble extract content) and non-specific parameters (loss on drying, total ash content, and acid insoluble ash content) of Phyllanthus niruri and Sonchus arvensis collected from Batu, Tawangmangu, and Bogor. The methods of the determination referred to the Indonesian Herbal Pharmacopoeia 1st Edition (2008). The results showed that Phyllanthus niruri and Sonchus arvensis from the three places did not meet the standard requirement.

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