A green extraction design for enhancing flavonoid compounds from Ixora javanica flowers using a deep eutectic solvent

Abstract

In this study, an environmentally friendly extraction method for flavonoid compound from Ixora javanica , as a new raw material candidate for herbal medicine and cosmetics, was developed. The objectives of the present work were to provide recommendations for the optimal extraction conditions and to investigate the effects of any extraction parameters on flavonoid yields from the I. javanica flower. The extraction process was performed using deep eutectic solvent (DES) (choline chloride and propylene glycol at molar ratio of 1 : 1) and the ultrasound-assisted extraction method. Both single-factor and response surface analyses using three-level and three-factor Box Behnken designs were conducted to obtain the optimum flavonoid concentrations. The results showed that the optimum extraction conditions for total flavonoids featured an extraction time of 40 min, 25% water content in DES and a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1 : 25 g ml −1 . An extract obtained under optimum extraction conditions showed higher total flavonoid yields than an ethanolic extract which was used for comparison. Scanning electron microscope images demonstrated that both of the solvents also showed different effects on the outer surface of the I. javanica flower during the extraction process. In summary, our work succeeded in determining the optimum conditions for total flavonoids in the I. javanica flower using a green extraction method.

The potency of selected ethnomedicinal plants from East Kalimantan, Indonesia as antidiabetic agents and free-radical scavengers

“…On the other hand, as shown in Table 2, other ethnomedicinal extracts had no inhibition activity against sucrase αglucosidase. In another study, Oktaviyanti et al (2020) evaluated the total flavonoids from I. javanica whose phytochemicals, such as flavonoid glycosides and triterpenoids, have been isolated from I. javanica (Dontha et al 2015). In addition, several previous studies reported bioactivities of genus Ixora, such as anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antiplatelet, antidiarrhea, and wound-healing potency (Maniyar et al 2010;Anila and Hashim 2019;Ragasa et al 2004).…”

Plant Flavonoids: Chemical Characteristics and Biological Activity

“…Some experiments suggest that UAE and MAE do not improve flavonoid extraction [ 49 ], leading us believe that the most crucial aspect is the solvent used in the extraction. In this regard, it seems there is consensus that deep eutectic solvents (DES) are highly recommended to improve flavonoid extraction [ 50 ]. Moreover, these solvents can be employed to target specific flavonoids [ 51 ].…”

Natural deep eutectic solvents as tailored and sustainable media for the extraction of five compounds from compound liquorice tablets and their comparison with conventional organic solvents

“…However, high water contents (30, 40, and 50%) can limit the interactions between the solute and solvents, and thus, lower the extraction efficiency. [60][61][62] Based on these results, NADES-12 with 20% water was used for the subsequent experiments.…”

“…However, prolonged sonication can alter or even decompose the target compounds, resulting in lower yields. 60,62,65 Thus, the targeted compounds could be completely extracted within 30 min and the condition was used for subsequent experiments.…”