Abstract. Sukweenadi J, Yunita O, Setiawan F, Kartini, Siagian MT, Danduru AP, Avanti C. 2020. Antioxidant Activity Screening of Seven Indonesian Herbal Extract. Biodiversitas 21: 2062-2067. Kumis kucing (Orthosiphon stamineus), pegagan (Centella asiatica), seledri (Apium graveolens), kunyit (Curcuma domestica), temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza), tempuyung (Sonchus arvensis) and meniran (Phyllanthus niruri) are herbs that commonly used in the Indonesia folk medicine. The constituents that responsible for several important biological activities are phenolic and flavonoid compounds which also possess antioxidant activity. Antioxidant activity of those seven Indonesian herbal extracts was evaluated using DPPH, ABTS and FRAP methods. The extraction was done with the reflux method by using 80% ethanol as a solvent. The total phenol and total flavonoids from each herbal extract were measured using Folin–Ciocalteu reagent and spectrophotometry. Antioxidant activity results by DPPH method on O. stamineus, C. asiatica, A. graveolens, C. domestica, C. xanthorrhiza, S. arvensis, and P. niruri showed IC50 value at 132; ND; 2221; 361; 538; 1118; and 102 ppm, respectively. Results from ABTS method, showed IC50 value at 22; 1199; 169; 100; 82; 143; and 20 ppm respectively. While results from the FRAP method showed that the ethanolic extract of P. niruri at a concentration of 20 ppm possesses the strongest antioxidant activity (17.41 ppm AEAC/ppm extract). The content of total phenolic compounds are 22.50; 0.67; 2.16; 11.40; 7.80; 7.22; and 2.62% GAE, while the total flavonoid compounds were 19.88; 6.67; 4.06; 71.02; 34.62; 3.78; and 8.34% QE, respectively. It can be concluded that ethanolic extract of P. niruri and O. stamineus obtain the highest antioxidant activity based on DPPH, ABTS and FRAP method.
Kalanchoe pinnata (Lmk) Pers (KP) has an immunosuppressive effect on delayed-type hypersensitivity test. Based on it, this research aimed to determine the repairing effects of aqueous extract of KP on lupus nephritis mice and identified its active compound. The KP extract profile was determined using UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS instrument. We examined six mice groups consisting of three curative treatment groups, one standard group receiving prednisone, one preventive group receiving KP extract, and one healthy (healthy and untreated) group. At the end of the experiment, we measured the proteinuria and renal histology parameters. To recognize the active compound in the KP profile, we performed in silico assays for the flavonoid compounds to bind to the glucocorticoid receptor. We played in silico tests for the flavonoid compounds to identify the active compound in the KP profile. We found the repairing effect of KP was detected in the kidney, demonstrated by its low proteinuria level and its better tissue structure. In the curative group, the urine protein level and its glomerular inflammation decreased. In the preventive group, the aqueous extract of KP could prevent lupus nephritis manifestations in the kidney. Bryophyllin A is the most active compound of the KP. However, further research is needed to understand the mechanism involved. We conclude, the aqueous extract, especially its bryophyllin A, have beneficial effects in repairing the function and tissue structure of lupus manifestations in mice kidney.
Systemic lupus erythematosus is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by multisystem inflammation due to immune complex deposits in the organs like kidneys, joints, pleura, skin, and so on. Physalisangulata known as mullaca, has been widely studied for its pharmacological activities such as antiinflammatory, immunosuppressive, cytotoxic, and also inhibition of organ rejection in transplantation. This study was directed to investigate the activities of P. angulata extract as an immunomodulatory agent. P. angulata powder was extracted by maceration with 70% of ethanol. An animal model of lupus was obtained by an injection 0.7 mL of pristane, i.p. Successful induction obtained in two weeks after injection which can be monitored by measuring total leukocyte count. For ensuring successful induction, another test was done four weeks and eight weeks after injection by detecting the presence of specific antinuclear antibodies using SDS PAGE method. Other measured parameters were including nonspecific immune response (measurement of total leukocyte count and differential leukocyte count), specific humoral immune response (hemagglutination test), specific cellular immune responses (delayed type hypersensitivity test), organ index and histology of kidney and spleen. As the results shown, ethanolic extract of Physalisangulata at dose of 1000 mg/kg BW orally, gave immunomodulatory effect in Lupus rat model. The extract worked primarily on specific immune response by lowering immune response near to the normal value, it was not suppressing immune response as prednisone.
Tamarind water extract has been shown to demonstrate an anti-obesity effect. In this research, long-term use of tamarind pulp water extract safety was evaluated. Tamarind pulp was extracted by reflux method, followed by freeze-drying to obtain dry extract. Wistar rats were divided into six groups, with 20 animals of each sex per group. The control group and satellite control group received carboxymethylcellulose sodium (CMC-Na) 0.5% 1 mL/100 g bw (body weight) per day. Treatment groups received tamarind pulp extract at doses of 75, 200, 1000, satellite 1000 mg/kg bw per day for six months. After six months, control groups and the treatment group were sacrificed. Satellite groups were sacrificed one month later. Relative organ weights, hematology and clinical biochemistry profiles were determined. After six months, there were no significant change in body weight, hematologic, and clinical biochemistry profiles of the tested group. Body weight of male rats in the satellite 1000 mg/kg bw group was significantly increased in week 30 compared to the satellite control group (p < 0.05). The relative spleen weight of female rats of the 200 mg/kg bw group was reduced (p < 0.05). The relative kidney weight of male rats in the 1000 mg/kg bw group was increased (p < 0.05). This study showed that tamarind pulp extract was generally safe and well tolerated at the tested dose.
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