The present study deals with synthesis of cardanol-cased novolac (CBN) resin by the condensation reaction between cardanol and formaldehyde using acoustic cavitation. It is a step-growth polymerization which occurs in the presence of an acid catalyst such as adipic acid, citric acid, oxalic acid, sulphuric acid and hydrochloric acid. CBN was also synthesised by a conventional method for the sake of comparison of techniques. The effect of molar ratio, effect of catalyst, effect of different catalyst and effect of power on the conversion to CBN has been studied. The synthesised CBN was characterized using the Fourier Transform Infra Red Spectroscopy (FTIR), Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). The reaction was monitored by the Acid value, free formaldehyde content and viscosity of the synthesised product. The reaction time required for the conventionally synthesised CBN was 5 h (300 min) with 120 °C as an operating temperature while sonochemically the time reduced to 30 min at room temperature. The amount of time and energy saved can be quantified. Ultrasound facilitated synthesis was found to be an energy efficient and time-saving method for the synthesis of novolac resin.
The increasing use of silicone polymers has attracted the interest of many researchers and manufacturers for the past three decades. The silicone surfactants have excellent surface properties, of which the wetting and spreading ability is particularly noteworthy. So silicone surfactants are used in various fields, starting with textiles to agriculture. Because of this particular wetting and spreading property, silicone surfactants will be used together with conventional surfactants to achieve the desired throughput. In this paper we describe in detail the origin of silicone surfactants and various silicone surfactant compounds, as well as their physicochemical properties. We also handle various applications of silicone surfactants in agriculture, textile manufacturing, personal care and cosmetics, polyurethane foam, metal extraction, foam floatation and other industrial applications. However, the main focus is on the latest syntheses, developments and applications of newly developed tailor-made molecules.
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