“…(3) D = K × Wavelength (in nanometers)∕FWHM cos , where K is the crystalline shape factor (0.9), FWHM is the full width at half maximum, and θ is the Bragg's angle. A similar XRD high intense peak at 2θ = 37.42° was reported by Badnore et al [13].…”
Section: Characterization Of the Catalystsupporting
confidence: 87%
“…The surface area of CaO has been reported to be 13 m 2 g −1 , which is significantly lower than that of nano-CaO [45]. A high surface area of 97.63 m 2 g −1 for nano-CaO and comparatively lower surface area of 74.64 m 2 g −1 for commercial CaO has been reported by Badnore et al [13]. Pandit and Fulekar [46] reported a specific surface area of 15.73 m 2 g −1 and average pore diameter of 3 nm with nano-CaO.…”
Section: Characterization Of the Catalystmentioning
confidence: 86%
“…Leaching studies were not conducted in the present study. However, Badnore et al [13] reported that leaching of nano-CaO was negligible during synthesis of biodiesel by ultrasound mode of reaction. In terms of material balance, only 0.313 mg of catalyst was reported to be lost after decantation.…”
Section: Optimization Of Reaction Variable For Transesterificationmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Badnore et al [13] reported that nano-crystalline CaO has a specific surface area that is 1.54 times higher than commercial calcium oxide. Owing to high surface area of 97.63 m 2 /g, the nano-sized catalyst showed 18.81% higher conversion than the commercially available CaO catalyst (with a surface area of 74.64 m 2 /g) at similar operating conditions.…”
Uses of nanocatalysts have become more useful in optimizing catalytic reactions. They are known to enhance the rate of reaction by offering a greater number of active sites by possessing a high surface-to-volume ratio. In the present work, calcium oxide nanocatalysts were synthesized through the sol-gel method. The particle size of the nanocatalyst prepared ranged up to 8 nm. Soybean oil was used as the raw material for the synthesis of biodiesel. The synthesized nano-CaO was characterized through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and BET (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller). Average BET surface area analysis of the nanocatalyst was calculated to be 67.781 m 2 /g and pore diameter was 3.302 nm. Nano-CaO catalyst was used to synthesize biodiesel and optimize the reaction variables through optimization processes to achieve a high yield of biodiesel. The reaction variables that were optimized were catalyst amount, oil to methanol molar ratio and reaction temperature. Upon optimization, the conversion of biodiesel was found to be 97.61%. The optimized value of the reaction variables was: catalyst amount of 3.675 wt% with respect to oil, molar ratio (alcohol to oil) of 11:1, and reaction temperature of 60 °C for 2 h.
Graphic abstractKeywords Biodiesel · Calcium oxide (CaO) · Nanocatalyst · Response surface methodology
“…(3) D = K × Wavelength (in nanometers)∕FWHM cos , where K is the crystalline shape factor (0.9), FWHM is the full width at half maximum, and θ is the Bragg's angle. A similar XRD high intense peak at 2θ = 37.42° was reported by Badnore et al [13].…”
Section: Characterization Of the Catalystsupporting
confidence: 87%
“…The surface area of CaO has been reported to be 13 m 2 g −1 , which is significantly lower than that of nano-CaO [45]. A high surface area of 97.63 m 2 g −1 for nano-CaO and comparatively lower surface area of 74.64 m 2 g −1 for commercial CaO has been reported by Badnore et al [13]. Pandit and Fulekar [46] reported a specific surface area of 15.73 m 2 g −1 and average pore diameter of 3 nm with nano-CaO.…”
Section: Characterization Of the Catalystmentioning
confidence: 86%
“…Leaching studies were not conducted in the present study. However, Badnore et al [13] reported that leaching of nano-CaO was negligible during synthesis of biodiesel by ultrasound mode of reaction. In terms of material balance, only 0.313 mg of catalyst was reported to be lost after decantation.…”
Section: Optimization Of Reaction Variable For Transesterificationmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Badnore et al [13] reported that nano-crystalline CaO has a specific surface area that is 1.54 times higher than commercial calcium oxide. Owing to high surface area of 97.63 m 2 /g, the nano-sized catalyst showed 18.81% higher conversion than the commercially available CaO catalyst (with a surface area of 74.64 m 2 /g) at similar operating conditions.…”
Uses of nanocatalysts have become more useful in optimizing catalytic reactions. They are known to enhance the rate of reaction by offering a greater number of active sites by possessing a high surface-to-volume ratio. In the present work, calcium oxide nanocatalysts were synthesized through the sol-gel method. The particle size of the nanocatalyst prepared ranged up to 8 nm. Soybean oil was used as the raw material for the synthesis of biodiesel. The synthesized nano-CaO was characterized through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and BET (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller). Average BET surface area analysis of the nanocatalyst was calculated to be 67.781 m 2 /g and pore diameter was 3.302 nm. Nano-CaO catalyst was used to synthesize biodiesel and optimize the reaction variables through optimization processes to achieve a high yield of biodiesel. The reaction variables that were optimized were catalyst amount, oil to methanol molar ratio and reaction temperature. Upon optimization, the conversion of biodiesel was found to be 97.61%. The optimized value of the reaction variables was: catalyst amount of 3.675 wt% with respect to oil, molar ratio (alcohol to oil) of 11:1, and reaction temperature of 60 °C for 2 h.
Graphic abstractKeywords Biodiesel · Calcium oxide (CaO) · Nanocatalyst · Response surface methodology
“…They posited that calcined eggshell consists of small size particles and therefore larger total surface area. In comparison with CaO derived from waste chicken eggshells, commercial CaO presents wider particle size distribution while impregnated commercial CaO offers a more exfoliated morphology, which can translate to higher catalytic activities [ 21 , 22 ]. Figure 5 SEM images for (a) raw (b) boiled (c) calcined chicken eggshells.…”
Researchers have shown considerable interest in finding a sustainable, low cost, and readily available substitute for the commercial calcium oxide (CaO) catalyst. In this work, raw chicken eggshell was modified by boiling and calcination at 900 C for 3 h. The x-ray diffraction characterization revealed that while the proportion of CaCO 3 in the raw and boiled samples was found to be 79.3 % and 99.2 % respectively, the CaCO 3 had been converted to 63.8 % CaO and CO 2 in the calcined sample. This was due to the thermal decomposition during calcination. The outcome of the infrared spectroscopy showed that the raw and boiled chicken eggshell presented a similar absorption profile with peaks at 1 394 cm À1 , 873 cm À1 , and 712 cm À1 , which were as a result of the presence of asymmetric stretch, out-of-plane bend, and in-plane bend vibration modes. The major peaks presented by the calcined sample at 3642 cm À1 can be attributed to the OAH stretching vibration and bending hydroxyl groups present in Ca(OH) 2 . The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface areas for the raw, boiled and calcined chicken eggshell were found to be 2.33 m 2 /g, 3.26 m 2 /g, and 4.6 m 2 /g respectively, indicating increased catalytic activity of the calcined sample. Overall, boiling was found to have a negligible effect on the chicken eggshell, while hightemperature calcination greatly affected the pore size, surface area, composition, and thermal decomposition profile of the chicken eggshell sample.
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