Modification and characterization of chicken eggshell for possible catalytic applications

Abstract

Researchers have shown considerable interest in finding a sustainable, low cost, and readily available substitute for the commercial calcium oxide (CaO) catalyst. In this work, raw chicken eggshell was modified by boiling and calcination at 900 C for 3 h. The x-ray diffraction characterization revealed that while the proportion of CaCO 3 in the raw and boiled samples was found to be 79.3 % and 99.2 % respectively, the CaCO 3 had been converted to 63.8 % CaO and CO 2 in the calcined sample. This was due to the thermal decomposition during calcination. The outcome of the infrared spectroscopy showed that the raw and boiled chicken eggshell presented a similar absorption profile with peaks at 1 394 cm À1 , 873 cm À1 , and 712 cm À1 , which were as a result of the presence of asymmetric stretch, out-of-plane bend, and in-plane bend vibration modes. The major peaks presented by the calcined sample at 3642 cm À1 can be attributed to the OAH stretching vibration and bending hydroxyl groups present in Ca(OH) 2 . The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface areas for the raw, boiled and calcined chicken eggshell were found to be 2.33 m 2 /g, 3.26 m 2 /g, and 4.6 m 2 /g respectively, indicating increased catalytic activity of the calcined sample. Overall, boiling was found to have a negligible effect on the chicken eggshell, while hightemperature calcination greatly affected the pore size, surface area, composition, and thermal decomposition profile of the chicken eggshell sample.

Heavy metals removal from landfill leachate by coagulation/flocculation process combined with continuous adsorption using eggshell waste materials

“…The results of FTIR analysis performed on the raw ES and CES are presented in Figure 3. For ES, the major peaks are observed around 1,434 cm À1 indicating the presence of carbonate minerals withing the ES matrix (Awogbemi et al 2020). Distinct peaks appeared at 876 cm À1 , and 709 cm À1 should be associated with in-plane deformation and out-plane deformation modes, respectively, in the presence of CaCO 3 as being confirmed by the observed peaks at 2,517 cm À1 and 1,796 cm À1 (Awogbemi et al 2020).…”

“…The observed peaks at 3,299-3,504 cm À1 indicates the presence of amines and amides in the eggshell membrane (Guru & Dash 2014). For CES, a sharp stretching band at 3,644 cm À1 is observed indicating the existence of hydroxyl group (OH À ) in the form of Ca(OH) 2 (Awogbemi et al 2020). OH À group is vital in the adsorption process as it permits the formation of hydrogen bridges which would cause the polar functional groups to be directed into the body of the adsorbent.…”

“…For ES, the major peaks are observed around 1,434 cm À1 indicating the presence of carbonate minerals withing the ES matrix (Awogbemi et al 2020). Distinct peaks appeared at 876 cm À1 , and 709 cm À1 should be associated with in-plane deformation and out-plane deformation modes, respectively, in the presence of CaCO 3 as being confirmed by the observed peaks at 2,517 cm À1 and 1,796 cm À1 (Awogbemi et al 2020). The observed peaks at 3,299-3,504 cm À1 indicates the presence of amines and amides in the eggshell membrane (Guru & Dash 2014).…”

İki Farklı Tür ve Üç Farklı Formda Atık Yumurta Kabuğu Kullanılarak Ağır Metallerin (Bakır ve Kurşun) Uzaklaştırılması

“…The bands around 3400-3600 cm -1 were caused by the vibration of water molecules in the uncalcined and calcined samples (Naemchan et al, 2008). 2516, 1799, 1424, 1082, 875 and 713 cm -1 are characteristic peaks of eggshells (Kaya Kınaytürk et al, 2021), (Anjaneyulu and Sasikumar, 2014;Awogbemi et al, 2020). One of the studies, the band at 2506 cm -1 was assigned to carbonate vibration (Tatzber et al, 2007).…”

Effect of Hydrothermal Treatment on the Properties of Calcium Oxide from Eggshells Used as a Biodiesel Catalyst

“…Mazaheri and co‐workers reported a biodiesel yield of 93.5 % from rice bran oil using a CaO catalyst synthesized from Chicoreus brunneus seashells 29. Poultry‐derived eggshells have also been found to be an excellent source of CaO and have been used extensively in the production of biodiesel from several feedstocks 30–32. Pandit and Fulekar 9 observed an optimum biodiesel yield of 92.03 % from Chlorella vulgaris biomass using a CaO catalyst synthesized by calcination of chicken eggshell waste 9.…”