Transesterification based biodiesel production from waste cooking oil in the presence of heterogeneous solid catalyst has been investigated in the present work. The effect of different operating parameters such as type of catalyst, catalyst concentration, oil to methanol molar ratio and the reaction temperature on the progress of the reaction was studied. Some studies related to catalyst reusability have also been performed. The important physicochemical properties of the synthesized biodiesel have also been investigated. The results showed that tri-potassium phosphate exhibits high catalytic activity for the transesterification of waste cooking oil. Under the optimal conditions, viz. catalyst concentration of 3wt% K3PO4, oil to methanol molar ratio of 1:6 and temperature of 50°C, 92.0% of biodiesel yield was obtained in 90min of reaction time. Higher yield was obtained in the presence of ultrasound as compared to conventional approach under otherwise similar conditions, which can be attributed to the cavitational effects. Kinetic studies have been carried out to determine the rate constant at different operating temperatures. It was observed that the kinetic rate constant increased with an increase in the temperature and the activation energy was found to be 64.241kJ/mol.
The present work reports the application of trisiloxane polyether silicone surfactant to remove various stains along with a range of hydrocarbon (organic) surfactants to investigate whether silicone surfactants offer synergism or antagonism during the cotton fabric cleaning process. Cotton fabric was soiled with red wine, turmeric, permanent marker, acrylic paint, and coffee and washed with the original fabric in aqueous solutions of individual surfactant and blend of surfactants by applying the conventional shaking washing method. The detergency and soil redeposition were determined from the alteration in the surface reflectance of prepared stained fabrics and the original fabric after washing. Surfactants used for the washing were trisiloxane polyether silicone surfactant (AG-Platinum), sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate, lauryl alcohol ethoxylate (LA-10), and nonylphenol ethoxylate (NP-10) and their blends. In comparison with individual hydrocarbon surfactants, blends of surfactants (with different hydrocarbon to silicone surfactant ratios) dislodged stains (accumulated on the fabric as a result of staining) effectively at shorter time and at lower bath ratio because of superior surface properties. With increasing concentration of surfactant, detergency increased and reached a maximum at the critical micelle concentration (CMC). Silicone surfactant reduced the CMCs of the surfactant blends and provided better detergency at lower concentration. From this study, it was found that silicone surfactant could be successfully introduced into laundry detergent formulations.
Graphical abstract
The increasing use of silicone polymers has attracted the interest of many researchers and manufacturers for the past three decades. The silicone surfactants have excellent surface properties, of which the wetting and spreading ability is particularly noteworthy. So silicone surfactants are used in various fields, starting with textiles to agriculture. Because of this particular wetting and spreading property, silicone surfactants will be used together with conventional surfactants to achieve the desired throughput. In this paper we describe in detail the origin of silicone surfactants and various silicone surfactant compounds, as well as their physicochemical properties. We also handle various applications of silicone surfactants in agriculture, textile manufacturing, personal care and cosmetics, polyurethane foam, metal extraction, foam floatation and other industrial applications. However, the main focus is on the latest syntheses, developments and applications of newly developed tailor-made molecules.
Syringomyelia
(SM) is primarily characterized by the formation
of a fluid-filled cyst that forms in the parenchyma of the spinal
cord following injury or other pathology. Recent omics studies in
animal models have identified dysregulation of solute carriers, channels,
transporters, and small molecules associated with osmolyte regulation
during syrinx formation/expansion in the spinal cord. However, their
connections to syringomyelia etiology are poorly understood. In this
study, the biological functions of the potent osmolyte betaine and
its associated solute carrier betaine/γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
transporter 1 (BGT1) were studied in SM. First, a rat post-traumatic
SM model was used to demonstrate that the BGT1 was primarily expressed
in astrocytes in the vicinity of syrinxes. In an in vitro system, we found that astrocytes uptake betaine through BGT1 to
regulate cell size under hypertonic conditions. Treatment with BGT1
inhibitors, especially NNC 05-2090, demonstrated midhigh micromolar
range potency in vitro that reversed the osmoprotective
effects of betaine. Finally, the specificity of these BGT1 inhibitors
in the CNS was demonstrated in vivo, suggesting feasibility
for targeting betaine transport in SM. In summary, these data provide
an enhanced understanding of the role of betaine and its associated
solute carrier BGT1 in cell osmoregulation and implicates the active
role of betaine and BGT1 in syringomyelia progression.
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