Growth and structure of Italian alder (Alnus cordata /Loisel/ Duby) trees were analyzed in a linear plantation established by planting two-year-old seedlings at Fruška Gora (Serbia). The aim of this paper is to point out the growth characteristics and the structure of the Italian alder linear plantation at age 11 and 16 years and contribute to the knowledge of adaptive and productive potential of the species in the available plantation in Serbia. The spacing between the trees was 7 m (200 trees per hectare). The plantation is located on anthropogenically changed pedunculate oak and hornbeam site at 125 m above sea level. On the basis of 35 measured trees at age 11 and 16 years, the top height was 15 and 21 m, and the Lorey’s mean height 13.4 and 19.5 m. The dominant diameter was 32.4 cm at age 11 and 59.4 cm at age 16 years. The mean quadratic diameter was 25.1 and 47 cm.The productivity of the plantation is high. At age 11 years, the basal area was 9.9 m2∙ha−1, and the standing volume 107.2 m3∙ha−1 while at age 16 years, it was 34.7 m2∙ha−1 and 305.1 m3∙ha−1, respectively. In the period from 11 to 16 years of age, the periodic annual increment in diameter was 4.4 cm∙year−1, height 1.22 m∙year−1, and in basal area and volume 4.9 m2∙ha−1·year−1and 39.6 m3·ha−1·year−1, respectively, pointing to fast growth of Italian alder. Despite the limits due to a small sample and the fact that the linear plantation was analyzed, we generalise the following conclusion: the measured growth characteristics at age 11 and 16 years of Italian alder trees show that the species can grow fast and could be usable in similar areas.
Извод: У раду се приказује изграђеност очуваних, високих, зрелих, састојина и младих састојина насталих планском обновом или спонтаном разградњом истих у монодоминантним шумама китњака (Quercetum petraeae Čer. et Jov. 1953.), из две субасоцијације, tilietosum и typicum, на подручју Националног парка "Ђердап". Приказ зрелих састојина се заснива на подацима са огледних површина, прикупљаним 1992. године, у периоду који карактерише појава масовног сушења китњака на наведеном подручју, и широм Европе. У састојинама, старим око 150 година у 1992. години, у спрату дрвећа је био заступљен само китњак. Састојине су са потпуним до густим склопом и имају високе износе запремине, а у структури по биолошком положају, квалитету дебла, развијености крошње и степену сушења стабала међу њима нема јаснијих разлика. Приказ младих састојина се заснива на подацима са трајне огледне површине, прикупљаним 2017. године, као и на подацима других аутора. Изграђеност младих састојина указује да је у фази обнове старих састојина потребно планирати различите узгојне мере у различитим субасоцијацијама монодоминантне шуме китњака, да би се очувало учешће китњака у довољној бројности.
The paper presents the occurrence of subspontaneous dispersal of Kentucky coffeetree in the park-forest which is a part of a protected natural area "Topciderski park" in Belgrade. In 1949, three trees of Kentucky coffeetree not older than 85 years were recorded. In 2016, one sexually reproductive tree was recorded in Topcider which is assumed to be one of the three "mother" trees recorded in 1949. The diameter at breast height is 94.6 cm and the height of the tree is 24.1 m. During the past seven decades, the Kentucky coffeetree regenerated successfully from seed and root suckers in the area that was under anthropogenic influence and was left to succession, but the Kentucky coffeetree has not shown invasiveness. In the area of subspontaneous dispersal of Kentucky coffeetree (0.25 ha), all the trees that had diameter at breast height 1.0 cm and more were measured. Fourteen tree and shrub species were identified with a total of 624 trees and Kentucky coffeetree was the most represented species with 326 trees (52.2%). In the subspontaneous regenerated group of Kentucky coffeetree, the diameter at breast height of the thickest tree is 48.2 cm and the highest tree is 25.5 m tall. The diameter structure of Kentucky coffeetree trees shows the declining distribution. Compared to the habitus of "mother" tree, that has a slenderness of 25, the habitus of the dominant and codominant trees in the subspontaneous regenereted group of Kentucky coffeetree is characterized by slenderness of 75-110 that is characteristic of the trees grown in the stand closure.
U radu su prikazane značajke rasta jednogodišnjih biljaka sladuna u uvjetima potpunog svjetla u poljskom pokusu 2016. godine. U odnosu na višegodišnji prosjek (1981.–2010. godine) srednja temperatura zraka u vegetacijskom razdoblju 2016. godine bila je veća za 1.3<sup>°</sup>C, a količina oborina za 30.1 mm. Broj ožiljaka terminalnih pupova na jednogodišnjim biljkama sladuna (Slika 1), definira broj faza rasta u visinu na temelju kojega su izdvojeni tipovi rasta biljaka: biljke s jednofaznim, dvofaznim i trofaznim rastom. U analiziranom uzorku, 39,8% biljaka pripada jednofaznom tipu rasta, 58,2% dvofaznom, a svega 2,0% trofaznom tipu rasta (Slika 2). S obzirom na mali broj biljaka s trofaznim rastom u visinu, sve biljke su podijeljene u dvije skupine: biljke sa jednofaznim i biljke sa višestrukim rastom u visinu (Tablica 2). Postoje statistički značajne razlike u varijancama uzoraka kod svih značajki rasta između biljaka s jednofaznim i višestrukim rastom na razini p < 0,05, a na razini p < 0,01 između srednjih vrijednosti svih analiziranih elemenata rasta između biljaka s jednofaznim i višestrukim rastom. Primjetno je da raspodjela svih elemenata rasta varira između dvije definirane skupine biljaka. S obzirom na visinu primarnog rasta (H<sub>1</sub>), biljke s jednofaznim rastom su po apsolutnoj varijabilnosti nešto manje varijabilne, a po relativnoj duplo manje varijabilne od biljaka s višestrukim rastom, s blago pozitivnom asimetrijom. Što se tiče ukupne visine, biljke sa višestrukim rastom su znatno varijabilnije kako glede apsolutne varijabilnosti, tako i relativne varijabilnosti i s više izraženom desnom asimetrijom u odnosu na biljke s jednofaznim rastom. Kod biljaka s višestrukim rastom, apsolutna varijabilnost broja listova je dvostruko veća, a ukupne površine listova trostruko veća s izraženom desnom asimetrijom u usporedbi s biljkama s jednofaznim rastom. Postoje značajne razlike između raspodjela biljaka s jednofaznim i višestrukim rastom u visinu. Biljke s jednofaznim rastom imaju manju ukupnu visinu, manji promjer korjenovog vrata, manji broj i ukupnu površinu listova, ali se odlikuju većom srednjom visinom primarnog rasta u odnosu na biljke sa višestrukim rastom, što ukazuje na različite značajke rasta u početnoj fazi i tijekom vegetacijskog razdoblja između ovih tipova biljaka.
Istraživanja su obavljena u kulturi smreke (Picea abies /L./ Karst.), koja je osnovana sa 5.000 sadnica po hektaru na staništu planinske šume bukve na nadmorskoj visini 870 m. Na osnovi usporedbe elemenata rasta istraživane kulture s elementima rasta u drugim mladim do srednjedobnim kulturama smreke, istraživana kultura je u kategoriji visokoproizvodnih kultura u Srbiji i šire u Europi. Na trajnoj pokusnoj plohi, u dobro sklopljenom dijelu istraživane smrekove kulture u starosti 32 godine, izmjereno je 3.911 stabala po hektaru, s volumenom od 384,17 m<sup>3</sup>·ha<sup>-1</sup>, a ukupno evidentiran prirast drvne zalihe sastojine do 40. godine iznosio je 561,85 m<sup>3</sup>·ha<sup>-1</sup>, a do 50. godine 819,1 m<sup>3</sup>·ha<sup>-1</sup>. Na osnovi dvije prorjede, u 32. i 40. godini i naknadno posječenih tanjih stabala u razdoblju od 33. do 40. god., na pokusnoj plohi ukupno je posječeno 2.844 stabla po hektaru (72,7%) volumena 279,4 m<sup>3</sup>·ha<sup>-1</sup> (tablica 1). Numerički pokazatelji strukture stabala na pokusnoj plohi u 32., 40. i 50. godini prikazani su u tablici 2, a debljinska struktura na grafikonima 2, 3 i 4. Za definiranje utjecaja prorjeda na prirast stabala uspoređen je tečajni debljinski (i<sub>dt</sub>) i visinski (i<sub>ht</sub>) prirast u razdoblju od 25. do 32. godine i 33.-40. godine kod detaljno analiziranih dominantnih stabala (D<sub>100 </sub>i<sub> </sub>D<sub>400</sub>), a na sastojinskoj razini uspoređen je tečajni debljinski (i<sub>dt</sub>) i visinski (i<sub>ht</sub>) prirast u razdoblju od 33. do 40. godine i 41.do 50. godine kod dominantnih stabala (D<sub>100 </sub>i<sub> </sub>D<sub>400</sub>). Testiranje razlika između tečajnih prirasta u različitim razdobljima obavljeno je uz pomoć t-testa. Na razini sastojine uspoređen je i tečajni prirast promjera, temeljnice i volumena svih stabala i stabala budućnosti (311 kom.∙ha<sup>-1</sup>) u razdoblju od 33.-40. godine i u razdoblju od 41.-50. godine. Neparametrijski Kolmogorov-Smirnov test korišten je za međusobnu usporedbu struktura stupnja vitkosti (odnos h/d<sub>1,3</sub>). Istraživanja su omogućila da se definira utjecaj prorjeda na prirast i stupanj vitkosti različitih kategorija stabla i sastojine u dva starosna razdoblja sastojine, 33.-40. i 41.-50. godine. Prva prorjeda u 32. godini, pri visini dominantnih stabala 15 m, imala je karakter selektivne prorjede, bila je niska (q<sub>d</sub><0,85) i jaka (jačina prorjede je 36% volumena). Prorjeda je obavljena u starosti sastojine koja značajnije ne odstupa od razdoblja kada se izvode prve „komercijalne“ prorjede u Europi. Međutim, tokovi tečajnog debljinskog prirasta detaljno analiziranih dominantnih stabala (D<sub>100 </sub>i<sub> </sub>D<sub>400</sub>) pokazali su da je prekasno izvršiti prorjedu u 32. godini, a model rasta (prirasta) visina је pokazao kulminaciju u 25. godini (kada su dominantna stabla postigla visinu 11 m), pa bi se 25. godina mogla označiti i kao godina u kojoj je najkasnije trebalo izvršiti prvu komercijalnu prorjedu (grafikon 7). Zatečeni velik broj stabala, s velikom drvnom zalihom po hektaru, u 32. godini i jaka prorjeda uvjetovali su visoki iznos prorjednog etata, od 115,13 m<sup>3</sup>∙ha<sup>-1</sup>, što je u kategoriji najviših iznosa volumena koji se okvirno preporučuju u literaturi za sličnu starost smrekovih kultura. U razdoblju od 33.-40 godine debljinski prirast je iznosio kod preostalih stabala 0,31 cm∙god<sup>-1</sup>, a kod stabala budućnosti 0,54 cm∙god.<sup>-1</sup> (tablica 7). Dominantna stabla, posebno 400 najdebljih stabala po hektaru, nalazila su se u fazi velikog visinskog prirasta u vrijeme i poslije prorjede u 32. godini (tablica 5 i 6), što je za posljedicu imalo povećanje stupnja vitkosti stabala, odnosno povećanje nestabilnosti sastojine (grafikon 8). Druga prorjeda u 40. godini, pri visini dominantnih stabala preko 20 m, imala je karakter selektivne prorjede, bila je niska (q<sub>d</sub><0,85) i jaka (jačina prorjede je 34% volumena). Jaka prorjeda u 40. godini, s prorjednim etatom 142,28 m<sup>3</sup>∙ha<sup>-1</sup>, uvjetovala je veći debljinski prirast, odnosno bolju reakciju debljinskog prirasta na preostalim stablima, u odnosu na prorjedu u 32. godini. Stabla budućnosti imali su za 29%, a dominantna stabala (D<sub>100 </sub>i<sub> </sub>D<sub>400</sub>) za 36-42%, veći debljinski prirast u starosnom razdoblju od 41.-50. godine, u odnosu na starosno razdoblje 33.-40. godine, što je uz opadajući trend visinskog prirasta uvjetovalo i manji stupanj vitkosti, odnosno veću stabilnost stabala i sastojine (grafikon 8). Na osnovi navedenog, proizlazi da su provedene jake prorjede doprinijele uspostavljanju povoljnih odnosa u debljinskom i visinskom rastu stabala u istraživanoj kulturi i time poboljšale njihovu stabilnost.
This paper analyses the cumulative effects of selective thinning and thinning from below on diameter and basal area increments of target trees after 25/26 years in 52, 69- and 86-year-old silver lime (Tilia tomentosa Moench) stands. Two target tree collectives were analysed: (1) elite trees selected between 1993–1994 from permanent sampling plots (selective thinning method), and (2) a ‘comparable collective’ of target trees selected in 2019 (25/26 years later) according to the same criteria as the elite trees, in the same stands thinned from below. Elite trees that were selectively thinned had: higher diameter, basal area and volume per tree, higher diameter and basal area increment for a given time period, and lower slenderness coefficients compared to the target trees that were thinned from below at 52 and 69 yr. While diameter increment decreases with age, and differences between elite trees of different ages are clearly delineated, diameter increments of trees thinned from below are not significantly different at 52 and 69 yr. In addition, basal area increment of trees is highest at 69 yr with selective thinning. When thinning from below, there were no significant differences in basal area increments between trees at 69 and 86 yr. Silver lime shows a strong growth response after selective thinning at ages 25/26 and 44 yr. However, our results show that this response is less pronounced when selective thinning begins at 61 yr.
Growth elements and stand structure of an artificially established Norway spruce stand were presented at age 37 and 62-yr on the basis of a single permanent sample plot and their changes analyzed. The stand was established with 4500 seedlings per hectare. At age 37-yr on the permanent sample plot, 2600 trees per hectare were recorded with basal area of 43.52 m2?ha?1 and standing volume of 319,97 m3?ha?1. At stand age 62-yr, 878 trees per hectare were recorded with basal area of 42.61 m2?ha?1 and standing volume of 454,48 m3?ha?1. First selective thinning, conducted at mean aspirant?s height of 17.6 m (500 trees per hectare) at age 37-yr was characterized as a moderate (28.3% trees per hectare and 23.5% volume thinned) thinning from below (qd = 0.88). Out of the remaining number of trees (1823 per hectare), in the following period between 38-62-yr, 956 trees per hectare (52.4%) were removed, mostly through sanitary cutting that can be characterized as thinning from below (qd = 0.68). Out of the initially selected aspirants at age 37-yr, 220 elite trees were selected at age 62-yr due to the effects of self-thinning in the stand and unfavorable exogenous factors as well as the thinning from below regime. At age 62-yr, the stand structure is unfavorable and statically unstable as the slenderness coefficient is increased compared to the condition at 37-yr. Thus, it can be concluded that the risk for achieving the productive and meliorative potentials of the stand is increased, primarily due to absence of adequate maintenance of the stand between age 38 and 62-yr.
In this paper, a change of diameter structure in a pre-maturing stand of black locust and common hackberry under the influence of a late thinning is analysed. The research is based on three permanent experimental plots and two measurements of diameters in a five-year period. One of the plots is a control plot and two plots are experimental, where the thinning was carried out in a stand 28-years old, with the thinning intensity of 28.9–30.6% of the initial density, approximately evenly distributed across diameter classes. In the investigated stand common hackberry came from the neighbouring areas in the stand structure. The initial measurement in the autumn of 2014 confirmed the share of common hackberry of 16–18% in the total number of trees thicker than 5 cm with a dominantly reversed J shape of the diameter structure and the presence of trees in all the diameter classes. In the period of stand age from 28 to 33 years, a dominant process on all treatments was the mortality of thinner trees, while the recruitment of common hackberry trees was recorded in all treatments. On the control plot, a quarter of the trees died, while an eighth of the remaining trees died in the thinned plots, mostly black locust trees. In thinned plots, only black locust trees died with a characteristic that the intensity of mortality was higher in thinner trees, while in the control plot some thick black locust trees died, as well as and some thinner common hackberry trees. In the five-year period, numerical parameters of variability (standard deviation, coefficient of variation), the shape of distributions (skewness and kurtosis) and heterogeneity of diameters at breast height (Gini index, Lorenz asymmetry coefficient) have shown a trend of increasing variability and change of diameter distributions of trees in all treatments, but it is more expressed in thinned plots compared to the control plots. Growth dominance coefficient of diameters shows that the competition between the collectives of both species and the black locust collective is of asymmetric type and more expressed in the thinning treatments. In common hackberry trees on the control plot the competition between the trees is of asymmetric type, while on the thinned plots, the competition is of symmetric type. This shows that after thinning, common hackberry has a biological potential that is higher than that of black locust and that the natural succession can be accelerated through thinnings.
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