Relation between genetic diversity and mass production of forest reproductive material is discussed in a holistic manner. In industrial forest plantations, narrow genetic diversity is desirable and reproductive material is produced at clone level. On the other hand, in conservation forestry a wide genetic diversity is imperative. Beside management goals, a desirable level of genetic diversity is related to rotation cycle and ontogeny of tree species. Risks of failure are lower in short rotations of fast growing species. In production of slow growing species, managed in long rotations, the reduction of genetic diversity increases the risk of failure due to causes unknown or unexpected at the time of planting. This risk is additionally increased in cases of seed transfer and in conditions of climate change. Every step in production of forest reproductive material, from collection to nursery production, has an effect on genetic diversity mainly by directional selection and should be considered. This review revealed no consistent decrease of genetic diversity during forest reproductive material production and planting.

(18)Information on public attitudes towards the use of transgenic trees in forest plantations is important in the decision-making process and policy implementation for safe tree development, particularly at the EU level. In Europe, the use of transgenic forest trees is very limited and therefore such information is completely lacking. To address this issue within the FP0905 European COST Action on the Biosafety of Transgenic Forest Trees a pioneer cross-country pilot survey on public attitudes towards the use of transgenic forest trees was conducted using young population as a focus group. This was decided mainly because this focus group represents the future consumers, policy makers or developers. Specifically, the survey aimed to: i) assess the level of young people's knowledge about transgenic forest trees, ii) identify issues of concern to them regarding the cultivation of transgenic forest trees and iii) explore whether they approve or disapprove of the use of transgenic forest trees in plantations. Purposive sampling was performed and university students of different disciplines were included in the research as sampling subjects. In total, 1868 completed questionnaires from 15 European and nonEuropean countries were analyzed. The young educated people that took part in the survey appeared to approve of the use of transgenic forest trees in plantations and would be willing to buy forest transgenic products. The potential loss of biodiversity due to a risk of gene flow between transgenic and wild trees was seen as the safety issue of most concern when considering the commercial release of transgenic forest trees. However, a serious perceived lack of knowledge about potential benefits and risks of the cultivation of transgenic forest trees was recorded in most of the countries. K-means clustering was implemented on respondents' positive responses to identify potential country patterns. No differences in patterns of public attitude towards the acceptance of the commercial growing of transgenic forest trees were observed between European and non-European countries. Extended research on public attitude issues towards the use of transgenic forest trees is strongly recommended as a basis for policy implementation on safe tree development.

Norway spruce is one of the most important economic species is Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is the species at the edge of its natural range; nevertheless it attains significant growth and yield results. The species is often used for afforestation purposes. In the previous period, 4 progeny tests of Norway spruce were established in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The offspring from 6 natural populations: Han Pijesak 1, Han Pijesak 2, Foča, Potoci, Olovo and Kneževo were build-in the progeny tests. In 2016, the samples of Norway spruce from 2 progeny tests: Srebrenica and Drinić were collected. In total, 360 samples were collected. DNA isolation was done according to Dumoline et al. (1990). For assessment of genetic differences among populations, co-dominant nSSR microsatellite system had been used. The number of effective alleles ranged from 7.78 in the population Potoci up to 15 in the population Kneževo, the average number of alleles was 13. The observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.61 for the population Han Pijesak 2 up to 0.68 for population Kneževo. The average observed heterozygosity was 0.65. Fixation index was in the range from-0.073 in the population Potoci, to 0.030 for the population Han Pijesak 2. The average value of Wright fixation index is-0.007. The average fixation index indicates the existence of a very small number of homozygotes. Concerning the variability among populations it has been concluded that the total level of genetic differentiation among populations was very low (FST= 0.026). The result of Nei's genetic distance shows that the populations Olovo and Potoci are separated from

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IzvodProgram konzervacije i usmerenog korišćenja šumskih genetičkih resursa, definisan je za period 2016-2025. godine i predstavlja osnovu za konkretne aktivnosti u ovoj oblasti. Program se može podeliti u nekoliko celina, koje tretiraju: zakonske okvire za konzervaciju i usmereno korišćenje šumskih genetičkih resursa; stanje šumskih genetičkih resursa u Srbiji; dosadašnje aktivnosti na očuvanju šumskih genetičkih resursa i ciljeve, prioritete i mere konzervacije.Program bi trebalo da ima uticaj na razvoj sektora šumarstva kroz sledeće aktivnosti: očuvanje i usmereno korišćenje raspoloživog genofonda; unapređenje gazdovanja šumama u skladu sa konzervacionim principima; unapređenje proizvodnje reproduktivnog materijala šumskog drveća; upoznavanje šire javnosti sa potrebom konzervacije i usmerenog korišćenja šumskih genetičkih resursa; ispunjavanje međunarodnih obaveza vezanih za ovu oblast i mogućnost priključivanja aktivnostima u okviru FAO organizacije u vezi sa šumskim genetičkim resursima -izrada nacionalnog izveštaja kao dela publikacije The State of the World's Forest Genetic Resources.Realizacija Programa zavisiće od razvoja svesti o značaju postojanja, očuvanja i usmerenog korišćenja šumskih genetičkih resursa kao preduslova za opstanak šuma, od finansijskih sredstava koja će biti izdvojena za ove namene i entuzijazma ljudi koji se bave ovom problematikom.