Background: Most soft drinks contain citric acid / phosphoric acid with pH <3.5. Strong acids in the oral cavity cause tooth erosion. Tooth erosion leads to demineralization enamel. Remineralization can prevent demineralization process. One of the commercial remineralization agents is Casein Phosphopeptide-amorphous Calcium Phosphate(CPP-ACP) but it has low solubility and less affordable price. Therefore, a natural ingredients such as theobromine from cocoa extract need to be developed as remineralization agent. Objective: To determine enamel hardness differences due to topical application of theobromine gel and CPP-ACP. Method: incisive crowns were cut off (1x1) cm then planted in cylindrical acrylic resin. All samples were immersed with citric acid for 90 minutes then divided into 3 groups. Group I (control) was immersed with aquades (96 min), group II was applied with theobromin gel 200 mg/l (96 min), group III was applied with CPP-ACP (96 min). By using vickers hardness tester, enamel hardness be measured (15 sec) at 3 points. Results: There were significant differences between the control group, CPP-ACP group, and theobromine gel group. Conclusion: Enamel hardnesse with theobromine gel application is higher than CPP-ACP application..

Ventral hernia is a common finding in patients undergoing BS. Both primary suture repair and mesh repair result in acceptable results, both in terms of recurrence and perioperative complications.

Background. Use of cavity cleanser is important before restoration the teeth to clean debris, residue of prepared dentine, blood, bacteria, collagen denaturized by teeth preparation. Nowadays, the cavity cleanser that people used still having shortcoming, one of which is the lack of ability to clean the root canal of the smear layer. Purpose. The purpose of this study examines the difference of cavity cleaner between saponin of mangoosteen peel (GarciniaMangostana L.) and chlorhexidinegluconate 2%. Method. Eighteen upper first premolar divided into 3 groups, each of them consist three tooth. Forming the preparation tooth cavity then group 1 using aquadest for control group, group 2 using chlorhexidinegluconate 2%, and group 3 using saponin of mangoosteen peel (GarciniaMangostana L.). For rating cleanliness of the tooth cavity using a scale of cleanliness conducted under Scanning Electron Microscope. Result. There was a significant difference (p < 0.05) in One-Way ANOVA parametric test andpos hoc test between chlorhexidinegluconate 2 % and saponin of mangoosteen peel to the cleanliness of the tooth cavity. Conclusion.According to the result of the study, it can be concluded that saponin of mangoosteen peel (GarciniaMangostana L.) less effective for cleaning the tooth cavity than chlorhexidinegluconate 2%.

This research aimed to investigate the differences in the sealing capability of propolis extracts and Ca(OH) 2 on dentin surfaces. Materials and Methods: Eighteen mandible incisors of Wistar rats were prepared at a depth of 0.5 mm after which they were randomly divided into 3 groups (n=6) including control (C), pulp-capped with Ca(OH) 2 group (P1), and indirect pulp-capped with propolis extract group (P2). All the cavities were sealed with glass ionomer restorative cement. Moreover, the sections of the teeth were obtained after six Wistar Rats from each group were sacrificed on the second day after treatment. The rats' incisors were cleaved transversally to the area where Ca(OH) 2 and propolis extract bonded with dentin for the SEM (scanning electron microscope) analysis and examined using microphotographs test with 5000x magnification. All the samples were measured and examined with spectrophotometry test to determine the bonding distance between Ca(OH) 2 and dentin, as well as propolis extract and dentin. The result from the two tests was analyzed with SPSS using an independent t-test at p <0.05. Results: There were significant differences between the calcium hydroxide and propolis extract groups (p<0.05) based on the results obtained in the form of spectrums chemical functional groups of spectrophotometry examination. No new chemical bonding or compound was also observed to have been formed between propolis extract with dentin as well as calcium hydroxide with dentin. Conclusion: The adaptation or sealing capability of propolis extract was found to be better than calcium hydroxide to the dentin surface.

Background: There are several cases in dentistry that cause alveolar bone defects, including periodontal disease, major trauma after tooth extraction, post-cyst enucleation, and post-surgery. Healing of alveolar bone defects can be treated in the form of bone grafting to restore the function and structure of damaged bone tissue. Hydroxyapatite has been proven to have some good properties such as biocompatible, bioactive, and osteoconductive. Osteoconductive materials serve as scaffold for osteoblasts to attach, grow, and differentiate to form new bone. Osteoblasts will synthesize collagen type 1 which functions to mineralize the bone matrix. Objective: To explain the role of hydroxyapatite on collagen synthesis in alveolar bone defects healing. Reviews: In this review article discusses the healing process of alveolar bone defects, the characteristics of the hydroxyapatite material, collagen synthesis and also 4 kinds of natural substances that can be used as a source of hydroxyapatite material for supporting the bone healing process. These natural materials include bovine bones, egg shells, crab shells, and calcite rocks. Conclusion: Hydroxyapatite material has a role in collagen synthesis in the healing process of alveolar bone defects.

Objective: To investigate the difference of chemical bonds between urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA) bonding agents with ethanol solvent and acetone solvent on dentin collagen. Material and Methods: This experimental comparison study used three groups: G1 (Control): UDMA and collagen; G2: UDMA, collagen and ethanol; and G3: UDMA, collagen and acetone. The groups were then pelleted and analysed with FTIR, then the peak value of carbonyl absorption band from each study group was calculated. The result of FTIR analysis and the peak of carbonyl absorption band (P) was calculated using the formula: P = (BC / AB) X 100; AB. BC is measured in centimeters. The study of chemical bond differences between ethanol-solvent UDMA agents compared with acetone-solvent on dentin collagen resulted in a graph of peak of carbonyl absorption bands of UDMA and dentin collagen groups. To determine the chemical bonds of UDMA from the top of the carbonyl ester absorption bands with wavenumber absorption in range 1700-1750 cm-1, the decreasing peak of the carbonyl absorption bands is assumed as more chemical bonds that formed. Data were analysed using Anova one way and Tukey HSD test. Results: There were significant differences between the three study groups (p<0.05). Conclusion: UDMA bonding agents' chemical bonds with acetone solvent are much higher than the chemical bonds between UDMA bonding agents with ethanol solvent on dentin collagen.

Background: Caries is a process of demineralization of hard tissues of teeth due to the activity of bacterial metabolism. Lactobacillus acidophilus as one of the cariogenic bacteria that important process of deep caries. Efforts that can be used to inhibit cariogenic bacteria for example using antibacterial agents such as chlorhexidine that have been shown to inhibit Lactobacillus acidophilus bacteria, but chlorhexidine has some side effects. It takes basic herbal ingredients as an alternative agent that can inhibit the growth of cariogenic microorganisms, one of them is temulawak extract. Purpose: This research was conducted to compare antibacterial agent between Curcuma xanthorrhizaRoxb and chlorhexidine 0,2% to inhibit Lactobacillus acidophilus. Methods: The research was a laboratory experimental study. Temulawak extract was made by maceration method with etanol 96% and certain dilution was performed to obtain concentration of temulawak extract 100%, 50%, 25%, 12,5%, 6,25%, 3,125%, 1,56%, 0,781%. A preliminary study was conducted to determine the value of KHM and KBM of temulawak extract against Lactobacillus acidophilus were known by counting the growth of bacteria colonies on muellerhinton media in CFU/ml. From the calculation of the number of colonies Lactobacillus acidophilus, obtained KHM value of 3.125% and KBM value of 6.25%. Further research is conducted by comparing antibacterial ability of temulawak extract used KHM concentration and chlorhexidine 0,2% by using diffusion method by measurement of inhibiton zoneResult: Measurement result of inhibition zone by using calipers show that chlorhexidine 0,2% have inhibiting zone (in mm) 15.1; 15.2; 15.4; 14.9; 15.0; 15,15; 15.5; 15.7; 15.8; 16.0; 14.6; 15.2; 14,85; 15,1; 15.3; 15,2, while the measurement of inhibition zone of temulawak extract 3,125% are (in mm) 10,0; 10.3; 10.2; 9.9; 9.8; 10.1; 10.3; 10.1; 10.45; 10.1; 9.95; 9.85; 8.85; 9.35; 9.45; 9.4. Conclusion: Chlorhexidine 0,2% more potential as antibacterial agent than temulawak extract 3.125% to inhibit Lactobacillus acidophilus.

Background: Tooth extraction is a procedure with the highest prevalence of causing alveolar bone damage. After extraction, the dimension will change. This procedure needs a balance of bone formation and resorption. Osteocytes are the most common cells in bone and have an essential role in bone formation. This study explores the effect of bovine tooth grafts on the number of osteocytes in the socket preservation process post-dental extraction. Methods: A total of 28 Wistar rats, 14 control and 14 treatment groups, were extracted on the lower left incisor. Control group with PEG without induction and treatment group with bovine tooth graft and PEG induction. On the 14th and 28th days, the rats were euthanized. Then perform histological examination with HE staining and cell counting using a light microscope Results:  We found the treatment group had higher the average number of the osteocyte, which was 146.43±11.41 on 14th day and 288.14±161.91 on 28th day. There was a significant increase in osteocytes among the treatment group compared to the control (p=0.000). Conclusion: Bovine tooth graft application as dental socket preservation was proven to increase the number of osteocyte cells in the alveolar bone of Wistar rats after extraction. Bovine tooth grafts as dental socket preservation materials increased the number of osteocytes at a peak at 28 days.