Total digestible nutrient (TDN) values represent utilisable energy contents of feedstuffs, and these are extremely important values in order to provide adequate energy supply for livestock. This study aimed to estimate and validate TDN values of forage and concentrate feedstuffs from their nutrient contents. Nutrient composition data were obtained from BR CORTE database, comprised of 86 forage and 36 concentrate feedstuffs. The data included contents of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), ash, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), lignin, non-fiber carbohydrate (NFC), ether extract (EE), crude protein (CP) and TDN. A correlation analysis was conducted among the nutrient composition parameters for forage and concentrate. Data were then randomly divided into two parts, the first part (two-third of data) was used to estimate TDN whereas the second part (one-third) was used to validate the estimated TDN. Estimation of TDN was performed by employing a multiple linear regression method and it was validated by plotting between observed and estimated TDN. Results revealed that TDN in forage was negatively correlated with NDF (P<0.001) and lignin (P<0.05), but positively correlated with NFC and EE contents (both at P<0.001). Such pattern was similarly obtained with that in concentrate. Prediction equations of TDN in forage and concentrate were TDN = 0.479 NDF + 0.704 NFC + 1.594 EE + 0.714 CP and TDN = 0.323 NDF + 0.883 NFC + 1.829 EE + 0.885 CP, respectively. Values of estimated and observed TDN both in forage and concentrate were closely similar. It is concluded that TDN can be accurately estimated from nutrient composition data.
Hermetia illucens larvae (HiL) has been studied because of its capability to break down organic waste. HiL can convert waste biomass efficiently, that can be used as future feedstuffs. This study aimed to evaluate the fatty acids composition from HiL oil (HiLO) which reared on the different substrates. The experimental was compared of (1) HiL reared on palm kernel meal and (2) HiL reared on 80% industrial waste mix with 20% organic waste. The chemical composition of HiL measured base on the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). The Hermetia illucens larvae oil (HiLO) was extracted according to the modification of the Soxhlet extraction procedure. Fatty acid compositions were analyzed using gas chromatography (GC). The data collected and analyzed as descriptive. The results of this study ether extract content of HiL (1) 51.46% higher than HiL (2), this is due to substrate types. Fatty acids of both are almost the same and the most dominant are lauric acid 40.54% and 46.72%, oleic acid 17.48% and 15.98%, palmitic acid 14.55% and 12.12% and myristic acid 15.57 and 11.13 %, respectively for each HiLO (1) and (2). The conclusion of this study is the HiL reared on different substrates affect lipid content but the fatty acid composition is similar.
The use of insects as feed may provide a potential solution to overcome the increasingly limited supply of feed, especially protein sources. Black soldier fly (BSF, Hermetia illucens) larvae is characterized by its easy production system, rapid growth, able to efficiently convert organic waste and contains high protein, i.e., around 40%. However, the BSF exoskeleton contains chitin which is a component of cell wall and may inhibit the process of nutrient utilization in the digestive tract of ruminants. This experiment aimed to reduce chitin in BSF through physical (separation of the exoskeleton part) and biological (fermentation with chitinolytic bacteria) treatments. There are four treatments tested in this study: BSF larvae control (T1), BSF larvae without exoskeleton (T2), fish meal (T3), fermented BSF larvae using Bacillus subtilis ATCC 19659 (T4).Physical and biological treatments were able to reduce crude fiber content from 20.27% (T1) to 4.29% (T2), 13.18% (T4), and there was a decrease in ADF content up to 21.78% (T2) and 19.69% (T4). Bacillus subtilis also had lipase enzyme activity, so it can reduce ether extract in BSF larvae by 25.83%. The value of deacetylation degree from chitin isolated without treatment (T1) had a higher value of 66.11. This shows that the fermentation process using chitinolytic bacteria is able to reduce the quality of chitin and change the characteristics of chitin. It can be concluded that physical and biological treatment of BSF prepupa larvae can reduce chitin content, which is indicated by a decrease in crude fiber and fiber fraction (NDF and ADF). Fermentation using chitinolytic bacteria can change chitin characteristics and affect chitin quality.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of probiotics and encapsulated probiotics on enteric methane production and the in vitro nutrient digestibility in ruminants. The probiotics used were from the group of lactic acid bacteria (LAB). The experiments were conducted in three dietary treatments (control diet, probiotics addition, and encapsulated probiotics addition) and three replicates. Each replicate was performed at a different week. The experimental diets were incubated in the in vitro rumen fermentation system for 72 h. Parameters observed were pH, total gas production, methane production, total volatile fatty acids, NH3, and the in vitro dry and organic matter digestibility (IVDMD and IVOMD, respectively). Data were analyzed using variance analysis and continued with the Duncan multiple range test to compare among the different treatment means. Results showed both the probiotics and the encapsulated probiotics decreased (P<0.05) the methane production by 6.1 and 33.1% compared to the control diet, respectively. Furthermore, these probiotics and encapsulated probiotics increased (P<0.05) total gas production by 15.7 and 233% than that of control, respectively. The TFVAs, IVDMD, IVOMD, and NH3 values of the diet supplemented with probiotics were higher than the encapsulated probiotics (P<0.05). It can be concluded that both the probiotics and the encapsulated probiotics effectively mitigate the in vitro methane production while simultaneously enhancing the total gas production.
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