Calliandra calothyrsus preserved in silage is an alternative method for improving the crude protein content of feeds for sustainable ruminant production. The aim of this research was to evaluate the quality of silage which contained different levels of C. calothyrsus by examining the fermentation characteristics and microbial diversity. Silage was made in a completely randomized design consisting of five treatments with three replications i.e.: R0, Pennisetum purpureum 100%; R1, P. purpureum 75%+C. calothyrsus 25%;, R2, P. purpureum 50%+C. calothyrsus 50%; R3, P. purpureum 25%+C. calothyrsus 75%; and R4, C. calothyrsus 100%. All silages were prepared using plastic jar silos (600 g) and incubated at room temperature for 30 days. Silages were analyzed for fermentation characteristics and microbial diversity. Increased levels of C. calothyrsus in silage had a significant effect (p<0.01) on the fermentation characteristics. The microbial diversity index decreased and activity was inhibited with increasing levels of C. calothyrsus. The microbial community indicated that there was a population of Lactobacillus plantarum, L. casei, L. brevis, Lactococcus lactis, Chryseobacterium sp., and uncultured bacteria. The result confirmed that silage with a combination of grass and C. calothyrsus had good fermentation characteristics and microbial communities were dominated by L. plantarum.

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An actinomycete strain, ID05-A0528T , was isolated using the SDS-yeast extract pre-treatment method from soil under mahogany (Swietenia mahogani) trees in West Timor, Indonesia, and was examined by using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic characterizations demonstrated that the novel strain belongs to the genus Dietzia. 16S rRNA gene sequencing studies showed that the strain was related to Dietzia cinnamea (97.2 %).Results of phenotypic and phylogenetic analyses determined that strain ID05-A0528 T is different from the known species of the genus Dietzia. It is proposed that the isolate should be classified as a representative of a novel species of the genus Dietzia, with the name Dietzia timorensis sp. nov. The type strain is ID05-A0528 T (5BTCC B-560 T 5NBRC 104184 T ).The genus Dietzia is a member of the suborder Corynebacterineae (Stackebrandt et al., 1997) and encompasses eight species at the time of writing, including Dietzia papillomatosis, Dietzia schimae and Dietzia cercidiphylli (Jones et al., 2008;Li et al., 2008). Known species of the genus Dietzia were originally isolated from several sources, including clinical materials, such as an alkaline soda lake, a perianal swab, a drain pool of a fish-egg processing plant, soil, the skin of an immunocompetent patient, and plant tissue (Duckworth et al., 1998;Yumoto et al., 2002;Yassin et al., 2006;Mayilraj et al., 2006;Jones et al., 2008;Li et al., 2008). Some strains identified as representing species of the genus Dietzia show degradation of hydrocarbons, including n-alkanes (Rainey et al., 1995;Chaillan et al., 2004;Yumoto et al., 2002). Additionally, Takeishi et al. (2006) reported xylanolytic strains of the genus Dietzia isolated from the hindgut and faeces of Trypoxylus dichotomus larvae. Hence, the discovery of additional species of this genus will help in understanding their ecological roles and provide bioresources for industrial applications, including bioremediation.Strain ID05-A0528 T was isolated from a soil sample collected under mahogany trees in West Timor. The SDS-yeast extract pre-treatment method (Hayakawa & Nonomura, 1989) and humic acid-vitamin agar (Hayakawa & Nonomura, 1987) containing nalidixic acid (20 mg l -1 ) were used in the isolation. The pre-treatment method was used to enhance the spore germination of actinomycetes and to decrease the number of nonfilamentous bacteria on the isolation plates. The aim of the present study was to determine the taxonomic position of isolate ID05-A0528 T using a polyphasic approach.The colonial properties of strain ID05-A0528 T were recorded from a modified Bennett's agar plate (Jones, 1949) that had been incubated for 14 days at 28 u C. Gramstaining was examined by using Hucker's method (Gerhardt, 1981). Motility was examined in hanging drops by light microscopy using culture grown on Bennett's agar plates. Morphology of the cells was observed using light microscopy. Tests for aesculin and arbutin hydrolysis (Williams et al., 1983), nitrate reduction (Gordon & Mihm,The...

This research was conducted to select, to identify LAB isolates and to investigate the effects of the LAB as probiotics candidate in the rumen fermentation. Nine isolates exhibited the potency as candidate probiotics for cattle. The experiment was arranged in randomized block design with ten treatments and three different times of in vitro as a block. The substrate consisted of 70% forage and 30% concentrate proportion. The substrate was incubated at 39oC using serum bottle of 100 ml capacity for fermentation. Approximately 0.75 g of substrates was put inside the serum bottle glass and filled with 73 ml of buffered rumen fluid and 2 ml of LAB inoculant. Gas production was measured every 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h of the incubation period. Gas production kinetic was estimated by the Ørskov’s equation. The LAB with the highest gas production, as probiotics candidate, were identified using partial 16S rDNA sequence. The results of this research indicated that nine LAB produced high gas production in the range of 193-198 ml compare to that of control (173 ml). The addition of LAB in rumen fermentation resulted in digestibility 65-75%, organic matter digestibility 51-73%, and 6.67-6.68 pH. Based on the molecular identification, 8 isolates are Lactobacillus plantarum and 1 of uncultured bacteria. The LAB strain 32 L. plantarum showed the best for a ruminant probiotic candidate based on the in vitro rumen fermentation characteristic.

Two actinomycete strains, ID05-A0653T and ID06-A0464T, were isolated from soils of West Timor and Lombok island, respectively, in Indonesia. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis clearly demonstrated that the isolates belonged to the family Pseudonocardiaceae and were closely related to the genus Actinophytocola. Strains ID05-A0653T and ID06-A0464T exhibited 98.1 and 98.2 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, respectively, with Actinophytocola oryzae GMKU 367T. The isolates grew well on ISP media and produced white aerial mycelium. Short spore chains were formed directly on the substrate mycelium. The isolates contained meso-diaminopimelic acid, arabinose and galactose as cell-wall components, MK-9(H4) as the sole isoprenoid quinone, iso-C16 : 0 as the major cellular fatty acid and phosphatidylethanolamine as the diagnostic polar lipid. The DNA G+C contents of strains ID05-A0653T and ID06-A0464T were 69.7 and 71.2 mol%, respectively. On the basis of phenotypic characteristics, DNA–DNA relatedness and 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons, strains ID05-A0653T and ID06-A0464T each represent a novel species of the genus Actinophytocola, for which the names Actinophytocola timorensis sp. nov. (type strain ID05-A0653T  = BTCC B-673T  = NBRC 105524T) and Actinophytocola corallina sp. nov. (type strain ID06-A0464T  = BTCC B-674T  = NBRC 105525T) are proposed.

I ndonesia is currently the world largest producer of oil palm products especially in the form of crude palm oil. This is possible since total oil palm plantation area in Indonesia is the largest among other countries, i.e. 8,150,000 ha, followed by Malaysia (4,620,000 ha), Thailand (720,000 ha), Nigeria (440,000 ha), Colombia (354,000 ha) and others (Garcia-Nunez et al., 2016). Oil palm plantation, apart from its main products, also produces significant amount of residual biomass such as oil palm trunk, oil palm frond, oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB), kernel shell, mesocarp fiber and palm oil mill effluent (POME). Production of palm oil is approximately 10% from total biomass and the remaining is regarded as residual biomass (Ooi et al., 2017). Further, considering conversion factors from Stichnothe and Schuchardt (2010), processing of 100 kg of fresh fruit bunch (FFB) would result 20 kg of crude palm oil and 23 kg of OPEFB. On dry matter basis, two thirds of oil palm residue is originated from oil palm trunk and oil palm frond whereas one third is derived from FFB processing residues (Sulaiman et al., 2010). Such huge amounts of oil palm residues indicate their potency to be used as animal feeds particularly for ruminants since these residues (except POME) generally contain high proportion of fiber (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin) but low research Article Abstract | This experiment aimed to enhance nutritional quality of oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) by combining urea treatment and high temperature and pressure (135 o C, 2.3 atm) using fiber cracking technology (FCT). The OPEFB was subjected to the following treatments: T1 (untreated OPEFB), T2 (OPEFB + FCT), T3 (OPEFB + 1% urea + FCT), T4 (OPEFB + 2% urea + FCT), T5 (OPEFB + 3% urea + FCT), T6 (OPEFB + 4% urea + FCT) and T7 (OPEFB + 5% urea + FCT), each in four replicates. Samples were determined for neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and lignin contents, and were incubated in vitro with rumen fluid and buffer mixture. Results showed that treatment using FCT (T2) decreased NDF, ADF, cellulose and lignin contents of OPEFB. Combination between FCT and 1-5% urea (T3-T7) further decreased the fiber fractions, and addition 5% urea + FCT (T7) resulted in the lowest NDF, ADF, cellulose and lignin contents of OPEFB. Such fiber decrease of OPEFB due to FCT and urea was accompanied with significant increase of in vitro total gas production, gas production rate, total volatile fatty acid, ammonia, in vitro dry matter digestibility and in vitro organic matter digestibility as compared to control (P<0.05). However, methane emission was unaltered by FCT and/or urea treatments.

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