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The chitinolytic bacterium Clostridium paraputrificum strain M-21 produced 2.2 and 1.5 mol hydrogen gas from 1 mol N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) and ball-milled chitin equivalent to 1 mol of GlcNAc, respectively, at pH 6.0. In addition, strain M-21 efficiently degraded and fermented ball-milled raw shrimp and lobster shells to produce hydrogen gas: 11.4 mmol H2 from 2.6 g of the former and 7.8 mmol H2 from 1.5 g of the latter. Hydrogen evolution from these shell wastes were enhanced two fold by employing acid and alkali pretreatment. Waste from the starch industry was also converted to hydrogen. When C. paraputrificum M-21 was cultivated on ball-milled chitin and ball-milled shrimp shells for 14 and 12 h, respectively, chitinases ChiA and/or ChiB were detected as the major chitinase species in the supernatant of the cultures, suggesting that the play a critical role in the degradation of chitinous materials.

17.5%. Antiprotozoal effect of SRE and GE were confirmed in the present study. One possible mechanism to explain the inhibitory effect on protozoal growth is the change in the cell membrane permeability, as they form complexes with cholesterol in protozoal cell membranes and cause cell lysis (Hess et al., 2003). The structure and mechanism of action of garlic extract and its main active components on rumen microbial fermentaion are different from other compounds. Busquet et al. (2005) suggested that the antimethanogenic effect of garlic and its active components was the result of direct inhibition of Archaea microorganisms in the rumen. Archaea have unique membrane lipids that contain glycerol linked to long chain isoprenoid alcohols essential for the stability of the cell membrane (Kongmun et al., 2010). Goel et al. (2008) reported that Sesbania saponins decreased methanogen population by 78% and increased Fibrobacter succinogenes (21%-45%) and Ruminococcus flavefaciens (23%-40%). Pen et al. (2006), observed that the inclusion of Quillaja saponaria extraxt (QSE) resulted in decrease in protozoal population by 41%, but there was no effect on methane production. The other study informed the reduction of methanogens number by reduction of protozoa, as 10%-20% of total methanonogens reside in close assosiation with protozoa (Kumar et al., 2009). Ranilla et al. (2007) who conducted a study on the sheep rumen in vitro informed that the absence of ruminal protozoa in the rumen ecosystem decreased feed digestibility and methane proportion. CONCLUSION The supplementation of 1.8 g S. rarak extract and 0.25 ppm garlic extract per kilogram ration represents the best combination for dairy cattle feed containing adeguate Cr, Se, and Zn minerals to improve ruminal fermentation based on feed digestibility, fermentation products, and rumen bacterial population. ACKNOWLEDGMENT Appreciations are forwarded to Jenderal Soedirman University (UNSOED) for funding this study via contract number :435/UN23/PN.01.00/2012.

Hermetia illucens larvae (HiL) has been studied because of its capability to break down organic waste. HiL can convert waste biomass efficiently, that can be used as future feedstuffs. This study aimed to evaluate the fatty acids composition from HiL oil (HiLO) which reared on the different substrates. The experimental was compared of (1) HiL reared on palm kernel meal and (2) HiL reared on 80% industrial waste mix with 20% organic waste. The chemical composition of HiL measured base on the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). The Hermetia illucens larvae oil (HiLO) was extracted according to the modification of the Soxhlet extraction procedure. Fatty acid compositions were analyzed using gas chromatography (GC). The data collected and analyzed as descriptive. The results of this study ether extract content of HiL (1) 51.46% higher than HiL (2), this is due to substrate types. Fatty acids of both are almost the same and the most dominant are lauric acid 40.54% and 46.72%, oleic acid 17.48% and 15.98%, palmitic acid 14.55% and 12.12% and myristic acid 15.57 and 11.13 %, respectively for each HiLO (1) and (2). The conclusion of this study is the HiL reared on different substrates affect lipid content but the fatty acid composition is similar.

The aim of this research was to evaluate the potency of coffee husk fermented with Pleurotus ostreatus as feed supplement in vitro through rumen fermentability and in vitro digestibility (dry matter and organic matter). Fermented coffee husk were incorpotared into concentrate diet as much as 0% (R0), 2% (R2), 4% (R4) and 6% (R6) from total dry matter in diet. The completely blok design was used with three sources of rumen goat innoculum as block and the level of coffee husk supplementation as treatment. The research showed that there were no significant effects on rumen pH and NH 3 -N. The mean of rumen pH was in normal range. Supplementation for up to the 6% did not interfere rumen protein metabolism. Volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration significantly decreased with coffee husk than control diet, and there was no significant difference in VFA production among supplemented diets. The VFA productions were in normal range. There was no significant difference in rumen microbia population (protozoa and bacteria). This condition suggested that the supplementation of fermented coffee husk for up to 6% was not endangering the rumen microbia. The dry matter and organic matter were decreased with coffee husk. The supplementation of coffee husk for up to 6% in the diet was still showing good digestion.Key Words : Coffee husk, P.ostreatus, fermentability, digestibility, rumen ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi potensi kulit buah kopi yang telah difermentasi jamur Pleurotus ostreatussebagai pakan suplemen secara in vitro berupa tingkat fermentabilitas dalam rumen dan kecernaan bahan kering serta bahan organik ransum. Kulit buah kopi produk biokonversi ditambahkan ke dalam ransum konsentrat sebanyak 0%(R0), 2%(R2), 4%(R4) dan 6%(R6) dari total bahan kering ransum. Rancangan penelitian menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok dan tiga sumber cairan rumen kambing sebagai blok dan level pemakaian kulit buah kopi dalam ransum sebagai perlakuan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan tidak memberikan pengaruh yang nyata terhadap pH rumen dan NH 3 -N. Nilai rerata pH rumen dalam penelitian ini berada dalam kisaran normal. Suplementasi sampai level tertinggi (6%) tidak mengganggu metabolisme protein dalam rumen. Kadar VFA nyata menurun pada ransum yang disuplementasi dibandingkan ransum kontrol, dan tidak terdapat perbedaan yang nyata dalam produksi VFA diantara ransum yang disuplementasi. Produksi VFA berada dalam kisaran normal. Perlakuan tidak memberikan pengaruh nyata terhadap populasi mikrobia rumen (protozoa dan bakteri). Hal ini memberikan indikasi bahwa suplementasi kulit buah kopi produk biokonversi sampai level 6% tidak membahayakan kehidupan mikroba rumen. Kecernaan bahan kering dan bahan organik ransum yang disuplementasi menurun dibandingkan ransum kontrol. Level 6% penambahan di dalam ransum, kecernaan masih dikategorikan baik.Kata Kunci : Kulit buah kopi, P.ostreatus, fermentabilitas, kecernaan, rumen PENDAHULUANKopi merupakan salah satu komoditi pertanian yang cukup penting di Indonesia. Buah k...

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In vitro digestibility methods have been developed to overcome problems in the in vivo digestibility measurement, but its accuracy should be tested in a local setting. In vitro methods developed by Tilley and Terry (T2), Theodorou (T3) and Sutardi (T4) have been compared to in vivo method (T1) in a block randomized design study. Four heifers FH (337.50 ± 45.87 kg BW) were used in T1, and two fistulated FH bulls (510 ± 20 kg BW) were used as inoculant sources in the in vitro methods. Dairy cattle ration consisted of 54.0% Napier grass and 46.0% concentrate with 58.8% DM, 12.1% ash, 10.0% CP, 3.3% EE, 26.5% CF, and 61.1% TDN. The observed parameters were ration fermentability (pH, NH3, and VFA concentration) and digestibility (DMD and OMD). The data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by the Tukey test. The correlation was made before regression analysis to estimate the in vivo parameters from the in vitro. The results showed that pH values are in the normal range (6.7 – 6.8), and insignificantly different between treatments (P>0.05). The concentration of NH3 and VFA were significantly different between the treatments (P<0.05), but T2 produced similar NH3 and VFA concentrations to T1. Similar results were also found in the DMD and OMD. Correlation analysis showed that pH value of T3 correlated significantly with T1, while DMD value of T4 correlated to T1. The T1 DMD (Y) could be estimated from T4 DMD (X) using formula Y (%) = y = -0.091x2 + 9.1632x - 168.4. It is concluded that tropical dairy feedstuffs in vitro digestibility using Tilley and Terry’s method produced similar result to in vivo digestibility method, but in vivo dry matter digestibility can be estimated accurately by in vitro dry matter digestibility using Sutardi method.